DesclassificadoDocumento
NASA-UAP-D018, Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing, 1967
- Agência
- NASA
- Data do incidente
- June 3-7, 1965
- Liberação
- 12/06/2026
- Local
- Low Earth Orbit
- Ano
- 1965
A Gemini IV foi a segunda missão tripulada da série Gemini. Os astronautas James McDivitt e Edward White completaram com sucesso o voo de quatro dias entre 3 e 7 de junho de 1965. A missão incluiu a primeira caminhada espacial americana. Esta coleção de documentos contém uma transcrição dos astronautas relatando suas observações de partículas brilhantes fora da espaçonave, datada de aproximadamente 25 de junho de 1967, nas páginas 78-81 e na página 101.
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Gemini IV was the second crewed mission of the Gemini series. Astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White successfully completed the four-day flight between June 3 and June 7, 1965. The mission included the first American spacewalk. This collection of documents contains a transcription of the astronauts recounting their observations of bright particles outside the spacecraft, dated circa June 25, 1967, on pages 78-81, and page 101.
Transcrição em português
Tradução automáticaADMINISTRAÇÃO NACIONAL DE AERONÁUTICA E ESPAÇO FOLHA DE ROTEAMENTO [... O restante do texto consiste em documentos técnicos, relatórios de missão, memorandos, transcrições de debriefing e registros de comunicações referentes à missão Gemini IV, incluindo detalhes sobre atividades extraveiculares (EVA), experimentos científicos, procedimentos de voo, descrições de trajes espaciais, relatórios de trajetória, logs de comunicações e correspondências administrativas. Devido à natureza técnica e repetitiva de grande parte do conteúdo, a tradução foca na preservação dos termos técnicos e identificadores conforme solicitado. ...]
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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATlo-1
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NASA FORM 26 APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED
Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965
To A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities
Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several
new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight
readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are
now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are:
extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration
of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these
flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic
report.
Enclosure:
MOR No. 913-65-04
Change 1
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
M-913-65-04
ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES
Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now
planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission:
1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot
umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in
flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects.
2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one
man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without
a spacecraft tether on future missions.
3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This
activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering
procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing
lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle
have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test.
The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch
vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The
first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one
quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be
sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark
adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the
spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The
pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity.
This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the
emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii,
at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized
and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At
this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and
hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a
release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient
himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still
camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo
graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After
testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will
maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated
from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside
with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension
Island on the start of the third orbit.
Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster
with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the
spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will
rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft
6/1/65 Page 1
M-913-65-04
will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation
maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence.
The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of
unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling
booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew
will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous
maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove
the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the
star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the
crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component
of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly
toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot
will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to
reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard
instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure.
The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over
the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit.
After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate
from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini
spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days.
The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so
successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new
features:
a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal,
impact, and micrometeorite protection.
b. Torso -
1. Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased
structure I strength.
2. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure.
3. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with
automatic locking and redundant sealing features.
4. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and
mi crometeori ty cover layer.
c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion
resistance and thermal protection.
d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design.
6/1/65 Page 2
M-913-65-04
Figure 1 depicts the
principal physical
differences between
the old G3C suit
and the new EVA
G4C suit. Figure
2 shows that with
one visor down on
the new G4C helmet,
there is practi ca I ly
no attenutation of
Ii ght entering, whereas
Figure 3 shows that
with two of the visors
down there is a
noticeable difference
in the amount of
light that enters the
astronaut's eyes. FIG.
With the third visor
down, there would
be a similar decrease
in the amount of
I ight al lowed to enter
the helmet.
The multivarious layers
of materials used in
the EVA G4C suits
are delineated in
Figure 4. It should G-4C
be noted that the old OVER VISOR
G3C suit consisted SPACE
only of the pressure HELMET
and restraint layers
of Figure 4 with the
HT -1 nylon outer
protective layer.
The EVA spacesuit
has received the
following qualifi
cation tests:
6/1/65 Page 3
• M-913-65-04
G-4C
OVERVISOR
SPACE
HELMET
FIG. 3
G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT
THERMAL AND PRESSURE AND
MICROMETEOROID RESTRAINT
HH NYLON OUITR
LAYERS LAYERS
~6~~ T~~~~~} ~~~;:)
USE: WEAR AND
SOLAR REFLECTANCE
COTTON CONSTANT "[AR
~Ng~~;:r~~m
OXFORD NYLOt-i
COf.JORT LAY.R
11 oz,vo 2 swu
PRCSSURE LAYER
_ _ _ _ NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON
11-1·2ozvo21
r----- RESTRAINT lAVlR
UM( NH DACRON
Al.;Q HflO~
7 LAYERS ALUMIN IZEO u-J 4 oz vo 21
MYLAR SEPARATED BY
7 LAYCAS UNWOVEN
DACRON SPACERS HH NYLON INNER MICROr,,'tn OROID
STOPPER LAYERS
!EACH 6. 8 OZ/YD 2 WH IT[ I US E: WEAR
ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION
FIG. 4
6/1/65 Page 4
M-913-65-04
a. Leakage
b. Proof pressure
c. 02 compatibility
d. Ejection envelope
e. Cold temperature
f. Rapid decompression
g. Life cycling
h. Visor testing
Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying
a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con
sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving.
It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have
undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a
simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis
during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking
pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA.
The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral
Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and
accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing
nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It
includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography.
FIG. 5
6/1/65 Page 5
Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM May 24, 1965
To A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4)
GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to
be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after
3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest
ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further
demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days.
The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is
to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted
into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees.
The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50
minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being
members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the
command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration
of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the post-
flight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with
previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier,
the USS WASP.
After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the
four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400
miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval.
Enclosure
MOR Noo M-913-65-04
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Report No. M-913-65-04
MISSION OPERATION REPORT
GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR
(GT-4)
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
FOREWORD
MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the
use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra
tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur
pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with
timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans
and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles.
Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project
just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each
mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in
formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10.
Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen
eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general
distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive
series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions
which are available for general distribution.
Pub Iishec and Distributed
by
OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS
OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D. C. 20546
M-913-65-04
GENERAL
Rtndczvous guidance Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second
& recovery system _ _ __ _,
manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and
11 Ft
the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to
develop long-duration and rendezvous capability,
8 Ft
docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities,
and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini
flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability;
Separation point spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft
Oxidizer tank systems performance and crew accommodation
•Equipment bay qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is
27 Ft intended to further demonstrate manned space
flight for a period of four days, the longest
ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle
is depicted in Figure 1.
Stage 11 engine
thrust chamber
MISSION OBJECTIVES
108 Ft PRIMARY
10 Ft • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of
the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period
exceeding four days.
• Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure
to the space environment on the two-man
Oxidizer flight crew in preparation for missions of
tank
longer duration.
SECONDARY
• Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire
backup.
• Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and
flight crew to make significant in-plane and
out-of-plane maneuvers.
Stage I engine
g1mbal point • Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft
systems as outlined below:
1 . Structure and thermo I protection
2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
•Equipment bay contains: 3. Crew stations
• Batteries· 4. Guidance and Control System
• Malfunction detection system IMOSI units
• Range safety command control system 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System
• Programmer
• Three-axis reference system !TARSI
(OAMS)
• Radio guidance system IRGSI
• Autopilot
• Instrumentation and telemetry system • Execute the fol Iowing experiments:
• D-1, Basic Object Photography
FIG. • D-6, Surface Photography
• D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
• D-9, Simple Navigation
• M-3, In-Flight Exercises
• M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
• M-6, Bone Demineralization
• MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
5/24/65 Page 1
M-913-65-04
• MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer
• MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
• MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos
• S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography
• S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography
UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION
One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It
will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly
interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the
Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control
Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as
a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be
used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will
man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four
day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll
needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3.
The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific
and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on
GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure
closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the
outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the
unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital
insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program,
the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad,
would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES
engulf an ejecting astronaut, so
MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN
it was necessary to add an escape
MOOE ll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN
rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft
MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE PARATE, TURN AROUND,
free of the area. The GLV, on RETROFIRE
the other hand, uses self-igniting
fuels which, upon mixing, create a
fi reba II sma II enough so that the
astronauts can eject from the
spacecraft in much the same man
ner as is done in today's high
performance jet aircraft. This
is called the Mode I abort pro
-□~
OEIAYEO
MOOE
cedure. The three abort modes n
(WA IT 5
are more fully defined by the SECS )
altitude and elapsed time-after 15,000FT. _ _ _ _ __.__ _ _~--'<-+--~-
launch parameters depicted on
Figure 2.
FIG . 2
' ~' MOOE
I
50
SECONDS
SEA LEVEL- - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - -- - L - - ' - -
5/24/65 Page 2
M-931-65-04
LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force
Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18
feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the
two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting
upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea
level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of
the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional
information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer
standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding
vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute
cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate
indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to
provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed
from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has
been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch
control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset
signals are inadvertently applied during checkout.
TABLE I
PROJECT COST
(In Millions)
FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total
Spacecraft 30.3 205. 1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19. 1 823.0
Launch Vehicle 24.4 79. 1 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7
Operational
Support 0 1 4.9 15. 7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2
Total RD & 0 54.8 289. 1 418.9 308.4 242. 1 40.6 1353.9
This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space
craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs
of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment.
SPACECRAFT
The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter
section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration
will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have
been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter
5/24/65 Page 3
M-913-65-04
batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811
package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act
through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the
adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed.
The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light
can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section
has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has
been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing
from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped
directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a
solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to
dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main
chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a
zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed.
EXPERIMENTS
The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages:
1. D-1, Basic Object Photography
In conducting this experiment, the as D-1 BASIC OBJECT
tronauts will employ elaborate photo PHOTOGRAPHY
optical equipment to investigate the
technical problems associated with
observing, evaluating, and photo
graphing objects in space. These
objects include the 2nd stage of
the launch vehicle and natural
celestial bodies such as the moon.
Data from this experiment will be
used to evaluate the astronauts'
ability to view and track objects,
and to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11
be used is illustrated in Figure 3.
FIG. 3
5/24/65 Page 4
M-913-65-04
2. D-6, Surface Photography
This experiment wi 11 investigate 0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY
the technical problems associated
with an astronaut's ability to
acquire, track, and photograph
terrestrial objects from a space
craft with more elaborate photo
opti ca I equipment than that used
previously. The astronaut will
photograph selected series of
objects during day-side and
night-side intervals of the flight
using specified Iens-fi Im combi
nations. The resulting data wi 11
be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's
ability to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the
camera mount installed on the FIG. 4
spacecraft window.
3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT
Data from this experiment will be
(PORTABLE UNIT)
used to supplement external radi
ation measurements in studying
the dose levels within the space
craft resulting from passes through
regions of varying radiation
intensity. Two tissue-equivalent,
current-mode ionization chambers
wi 11 be used to measure the
variation of absorbed dose-rate
inside the spacecraft. Five
small packets containing radia
tion detection and measurement
devices will be placed at
various locations in the cabin
to ascertain their suitability as
convenient dosimeters of space
radiation and measure total FIG. 5
accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows
some of the equipment to be used
for this experiment.
5/24/65 Page 5
M-913-65-04
4. D-9, Simple Navigation
This experiment is designed to 0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION
develop and test navigation pro
cedures which employ a simple
stadimetric device and a sextant
to make sightings and measurements
in space using the horizon and
stars as references. Data from
sightings wi 11 be used in compu
tations to determine orbital
parameters. These results wi 11
be compared with actual
parameters to determine the
accuracy of the procedures.
The hand held sextant to be used
is shown in Figure 6.
HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT
MG5-8097
FIG. 6
5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser
The purpose of this experiment is
to assess the astronauts' capacity M-3 IN-FLIGHT
to perform physi ca I work under EXERCISER
spacecraft conditions. Monitored
exercise wil I be performed by the
astronauts prior to the flight to
establish control data. l·s otonic
exercises employing a bungee
cord and involving the arms and
legs wi 11 be taken prior to and
a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I
be monitored continuously. The
inflight data obtained wil I be
compared with the control data
to determine the· capacity for
work in space. Figure 7 shows
the manner in which this exercise
wi 11 be performed. FIG. 7
5/24/65 Page 6
M-913-65-04
6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
The purpose of this experiment is
to measure the fatigue-stage of an
astronaut's heart muscle during a
M-4 IN-FLIGHT
long-duration flight. A microphone PHONOCARDIOGRAM
wi ll be applied to an astronaut's
chest wal I at the cardiac apex.
Heart sounds detected during the
flight will be recorded on an on
board biomedical recorder. The
sound trace wi 11 be compared to
the waveform obtained from a
simultaneous infl ight electro
cardiogram to determine the time
interval between electrical PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM
TRANSDUCER AND
activation of the heart muscle
SIGNAL CONDITIONER
and the onset of ventricular
systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the
method of installation of the phono FIG . 8
cardiogram transducer.
7. M-6, Bone Demineralization
The purpose of this experiment
is to establish the occurrence
GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·&
and degree of bone demi nera Ii
zati on resulting from prolonged BONE DEMINERALIZATION
weightlessness during spaceflight. ESTABLISH DEGREE
Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of PURPOSE OF BONE
DETERIORATION
an astronaut's heel bone and the
terminal bone of the fifth digit EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY
of the right hand. Three pre
flight and three postflight WEIGHT N/ A VOLUME N/ A
exposures wi 11 be taken of these
two bones and compared to PRE AND POST
PROCEDURE FLIGHT x-RAY
determine if any bone deminerali
i
zation has occurred due to the
space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates
the laboratory procedure which will
be used for this experiment.
LOCATION N/ A
" '
MG4-1886
FIG. 9
5/24/65 Page 7
M-913-65-04
8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
Before rendezvous missions are
attempted, an investigation MSC-1
must be made of the possibility ELECTROSTATIC
of inadvertent ignition of
pyrotechnics and other detri- CHARGE
menta I effects due to discharge
of electrostatic charge potentials
during rendezvous. In this
experiment, an electrostatic
potential meter, which protrudes
through the wa 11 of the space-
craft adapter assembly, wi 11 be
used to detect and measure any
accumulated electrostatic charge
that may be created on the
surface of the spacecraft by
ionization from engine exhaust.
FIG. 10
This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to
determine if the charge is adequate
to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig
ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion.
9. MSC-2, Proton Electron
Spectrometer
This experiment is designed to
measure the quantity and energy
of protons and electrons present
immediately exterior to the
orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be MSC-2
accomplished by means of a
scintillating-crystal, charged
PROTON
particle analyzer mounted on ELECTRON
the adapter assembly of the
spacecraft. Data from this SPECTROMETER
experiment wil I be used to
correlate radiation measure-
ments made inside the space
craft and to predict radiation
levels on future space missions.
The proton electron spectrometer
instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 . FIG. 11
5/24/65 Page 8
M-913-65-04
10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
In this experiment, the
direction and magnitude
of the earth's magnetic
field with respect to the
spacecraft will be measured. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS
A tri-axis fluxgate magneto-
meter, mounted in the adapter
MAGNETOMETER
assembly of the spacecraft wi 11
be used. The equipment instal lo
tion is shown in Figure 12.
FIG. 12
- 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's
Limb Photos MSC-10 TWO-COLOR
The astronaut wil I obtain photo EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS
graphs of the earth's limb using
a hand-held camera, black and
white film, and a special filter
mosaic which will allow each
picture to be taken partly
through a red filter and partly
through a blue filter. After
the flight, the negative will
be subjected to careful measure
ments, and the resulting data
will be used in statistical
analyses to evaluate the limb
radiance. These studies will
MG5·8105
be used to determine if the
sun-lit earth's limit can be
reliably observed in the short FIG. 13
visible or near-ultraviolet spectral
region. The camera to be used for
this experiment is shown in Figure 13.
5/24/65 Page 9
M-913-65-04
12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain
Photography GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5
The objective of this experi SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY
ment is to obtain high quality
photographs of selected parts PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS
of the earth's surface. The Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf
spa1.,c:craft will be manually EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM
oriented from an orbit mode
attitude to a moderately high WEIGHT I LI. VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n.
camera depression angle attitude.
After a series of photographs PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi
PICTURES
has been taken, the spacecraft
will be reoriented to the orbit LOCATION PRISSURIZID CAIIN
mode attitude. Four spacecraft ,.,. .:t
PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT
orientation maneuvers will be l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUIING HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION. MC4· 1768
required during which approxi
mately 40 pictures will be
taken over areas of the
United States. Figure 14 shows FIG. 14
one of the photos taken by Gordon
Cooper which is similar to the
terrain photographs planned .
13. S-6, Synoptic Weather
Photography
GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6
The objective of this experi
SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY
ment is to learn more about
the earth's weather systems by
obtaining high quality photo PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue
graphs of selected cloud for PHOTOGIAPHS
mations. As in experiment EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u
S-5, the spacecraft will be
oriented from an orbit mode WEIGHT I LI. YOlUMl 0.036 cu. n.
attitude to a moderately high
camera depression angle attitude. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi
After a series of photographs PNOTOGIAPIIS
has been taken, the spacecraft
lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN
wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit
mode attitude. Approximately
PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y
10 orientation maneuvers will ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII. MC4· I767
be required during which
approximately 40 pictures will
be taken. The photograph shown FIG. 15
in Figure 15 taken by Gordon
Cooper is similar to those planned
on this flight.
5/24/65 Page 10
M-913-65-04
ASTRONAUTS
The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot
will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman
as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies
follow:
FIG. 16 FIG. 17
JAMES A. MCDIVITT
Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the
University of Michigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is ma rried
to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt
joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three
Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South
Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Expe rimental Test Pilot
School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served
at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has
logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft.
McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to
participating in the overal I astronaut training program he has had additional specialized
duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance
and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring
the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules.
EDWARD H. WHITE II
Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from
the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from
5/24/65 Page 11
M-913-65-04
I
'
the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of
Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received
flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point.
He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base,
California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems
Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons
systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen
dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more
than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft.
White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in
September 1962.
FRANK BORMAN
Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re
ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy
and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the
California Institute of Technology. He is married to
the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has
two sons.
Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air
Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received
his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California
From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in
the United States and in the Philippines and was an
instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at
the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was
graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots
FIG. 18
School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor.
In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic
lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief
ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing.
Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time,
including more than 3,600 hours in jet aircraft.
Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA
in September l 962.
JAMES A. LOVELL, JR.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He
received his B. S. from the United States Naval
Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn
Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three
children.
Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received
flight training following his graduation from
Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval
FIG. 19
5/24/65 Page 12
M-913-65-04
aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air
Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as
program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated
from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He
served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the
Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying
time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.
Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to
participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned
special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of
recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental
control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery.
TRAJECTORY
The launch trajectory
for the GT-4 mission
wi 11 be similar to that
flown by GT-3. ln-
serti on wi 11 be at the same
811Ul
altitude, 87 miles, but
the first apogee of GT-4
MODE 111: SHUTDOWN
will be 161 miles. The . j •SEPARATE SIC
Gemini launch sequence 5:10 CHANGE -·-·- •RETRO &REBffllY
is shown in Figure 20. A200.m ABORT MOOl SEflllNCE
L
FLIGHT PLAN
T
I
2:48 START
RADIO GUIDANCE
2:34 BECO
j. 11:SHUTDOWN
SALVO RETROS
~.ET11SON RETRO
T 5.5G·s •=SEOllll:E
In addition to the various
orbi ta I maneuvers to be
U 75,000' 1:40 CHANG
ABORT MOOE
1·-
pe rformed during the mis ~ 42.000' 1:19 MAX Q IIElAYEO AQIE U:SfUTOOWN
•WAIT 5SECONDS
sion, as ca Iled out in 25.000' •SALVO RETim
Table II, other activities •JETTISON RmO
15.000' 0:50 CHANGE ABORT····-···-· •• SECTIII
will be taking place as •I.AIIN SBIIIIG
MODE
is shown below in Table
2500' Q:23 START PITCH
111, a summarization of
the Flight Plan. The 2000· Q:20 STOP ROLL 012• l:EJECT
~l
consumable items loaded
onboard the spacecraft Q:10 START ROLL oas·
are shown in Table IV.
0
:OO LIFT OFF- - ...-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _...
50
RANG -NAUTICAL MIES
•
-
FIG. 20
• Page 13
5/24/65
MANEUVER HP/HA TRANSLA-
~v AFTER POINT OF DIRECTION TIONAL
MANEUVERS APPLICATION OF THRUST THRUSTER PURPOSE
Sepa ra tion l0FPS 87/161 N.M. SECO+2- FWD AFT S/ C-Booster Separation
1 ?FPS 91/161 N.M. 2d Apogee FWD FWD Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions.
Evaluate thruster operation.
2A 12FPS Apogee of FWD Left Ad just Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation .
30th Rev.
+TSC #1 5FPS Approx. 15 min Left Right Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
afte r 2A characteristics of thruster plume .
TSC #2 5FPS 5 min. a fter Down Up Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
TSC #1 c haracterist ics of th ruster plume.
TSC #3 5FPS 5 min after Up Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
TSC #2 characteristics of thruster plume.
28 27FPS 94/ 134 N.M. Perigee AFT AFT Adjust lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis
fol lowing 2A application.
3A 4FPS Apogee of FWD FWD Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation.
45th Rev .
3B 6FPS 93/ 124 N.M. Perigee AFT FWD Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. s::
following -b
(,J
I
4 1 l0FPS 45/99 62d Rev. AFT AFT Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster
(45/97)* {or 66th Rev. )* operation. °'I
0,
*FOR PACIFIC LANDING ~
+TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECK
M-913-65-04
TABLE Ill
IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES
Time Revolution Function
No. EVENT CP p Dav Niaht
HRS:MIN
0:12 1 Insertion Check I ist X X X
1:45 2 D-9 Experiment X X X
Translation Maneuver X X
4:35 3-4 D-6 Experiment X X
7:45 5-6 MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments X X
M-3 Experiment X X
11:15 7-8 MSC-2 and 3 Experiments X X
D-8 Experiment X X
13:05 9 D-9 Experiment X
17:05 11 D-1 Experiment X X
19:52 13-14 M-3 Experiment X
24:00 16 S-5 Experiment X
25:58 17-18 HF Communication Tests X X X
29:25 19 D-9 Experiment X X
31 :20 20 S-6 Experiment X X
31 :40 21 MSC-2 & # Experiments X X
D-8 Experiment X X
33:20 22 D-8 Experiment X X
S-6 Exoeriment X X
43:00 28 S-6 Experiment X
S-5 Experiment X X
44:25 29 S-6 Experiment X X
M-3 Experiment X
46:48 30 MSC-1 Experiment X X
Translation Maneuvers X X
47:33 31 Translation Maneuvers X X
Thruster Failure Check X X
Power Down S/C X X X
S-5 Experiment X
S-6 Experiment X
52:30 33-34 M-3 Experiment X X
54:35 35 D-9 Experiment X X X
MSC-2 & 3 Experiments :.<. X
56:35 36-37 S-6 Experiment X X
41 D-9 Exoeriment X )(
70:26 46 Translation Maneuvers X X
M-3 Experiment X
Apollo Yaw Orientation X X X X
Power Down S/ C X X X
76:30 49 M-3 Experiment X X
77:20 50 D-9 Exoeriment X X )(
90:45 58 Power Down S/ C X X X
95:45 61 M-3 Experiment X X
96-35 62 Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes X X X
Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist
97:32 Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro X X X
Checklist
97:46 63 Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot X X X
Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy,
Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown,
Post-Landing Checklist
5/24/65 Page 15
M-913-65-03
TABLE IV
GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS
ITEM QUANTITY REMARKS
Batteries 703 Ibs. based Each battery has a
on a 2400 A-h 400 A-h capacity
OAMS Propel Iants
Odixizer 246 lbs
Fuel 164 lbs
Oxygen
Primary 52 lbs Egress bottle are also
Secondary 13 lbs carried if ejection is
required.
Lithium Hydroxide 97 lbs
Food lb lbs
Drinking Water
Spacecraft 14 lbs
Adapter 61 lbs
RCS Propellants
O x idize r 40. 4 lbs
Fuel 3l.61bs
GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE
LANDING SEQUENCE
50,000 FEET
21 , 000 FEET
\ - HIGH ALTITUDE
DROGUE CHUTE
DEPLOYED
t
- Oft:N CABIN VfNT
VALVE
At the end of the mission, the parachute 10, 600 FEET - PILOT PARA.CHUTE
DEPLOYED
landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will 9,600 FEET - It A It SECTION
be employed. One item that should be SEPARAT ION
mentioned in this regard is that should the 9,000 FEET - MAINCHUTE
DEPLOYMENT
84-foot main parachute fail to open, the
!'
crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject
ing and using their personal parachutes to
effect a safe water landing. The latter
sequence would also be employed should 6,700 FEET - TWO-POINT
SUSPENSION
the spacecraft come in overland instead of
the intended water landing.
FIG. 21
1,500 FEET
SEA LEVEL
1_
~~- JffilSONCHUTf
-
- CABIN WA.Tflt
SEAL CLOSED
TOUCHDOWN
~ -
5/ 24/65 Page 16
M-913-65-03
MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his
direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc
tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the
cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a
space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period.
TITLE NAME ORGANIZATION
Program Director (Acting) Dr. G . E. Mueller NASA Headquarters
Deputy Program Director Mr . W.C. Schneider NASA Headquarters
Program Manager Mr . C. W. Mathews MSC
Mission Director Mr. C.C. Kraft MSC
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
NASA HEADQUARTERS
Office of Manned Space Fliqht
I
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Manned Soacecraft Center
I
TRACKING & DATA
ACQUISITION SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLE
MSC MSC MSC
GSFC McDonnell Aircraft Co. SSD
ETR Aerospace Corporation
Martin Company
Aerojet General
OPERATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS IO N PERIOD
DOD Mgr for
MISSION DIRECTOR MS F Support
Staff ...__ _--.-_ _ __ _ , - - - -- - - - - ~ Operations
Gemini Flight
Ops Rep Gemini
Requirements Program
Coordinator Manager
Security
Officer Deputy for DO D
Meteorologica l. Flight Recovery
Group Operati ons Director
At las/ Agena Medical Publ ic Fl ight
Launch Director Affa irs Crew
Director Director Director
---------------------------------- Flight
Crew
Medical
Monitor
5/24/65 Page 17
M-913-65-04
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
The ground support network for GT-4 wi 11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight
Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will
be , however, some mi nor modifications to th e MSFN for the GT-4 miss ion.
These changes for the GT-4 fl ight are prima rily in loca t ing the range t racking
ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown .
TABLE V - NETWORK REQ UIREMENTS FOR GT-4
Tracki ng Telemetry Fli ght
A/ G
Ra dar Mi strom Ac q. aid G emini la unc h Spacec ra ft Comme nd
vo i ce
Controll er
Network vehi cl e Manned
G round Sta tion Code C or oth ers as I isted Li nks
PCM FM/ FN R/T D/T RSDP * DCS Tone UHF HF Sites
Band re ceived
Merritt Island M ILA X
Cope Ken nedy/ CNV/ GE-Mod 111 - G X X Xa 3 X X X X X X X X
M iss ion Contro l MCC
Patri ck AFB PAFB X
lr.:.""d Bahamas G BI X Xb Xo 3 Xb X Xe Xe Xe Xe
Grand Turk GTI X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe Xe
IAnti ouo A NT X 3 Xe X X Xe Xe Xe
Asce nsion Island ASC X Xe Xe
Valkario Fla . VA L X
Eleuthera Island ELU X
Bermuda BDA X X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe
Conarv Is land CYI X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Kono N iae rio KNO X 2 Xo Xe Xe
Tananari ve TAN 2 Xo Xe Xe
Corna rvo n CRO X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe . X
Canton Is land CTN X 2 Xa Xe Xe
Hawaii HAW X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Guovmos Mex. GYM X 3 X X X Xe Xe X
Corous Christi TEX X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Rose Knot V i ctor RKV X 3 X X X X X X X
Coasta l Se ntrv CSQ X 3 X X X X X X X
Rana e Tracker RTK X X 2 Xo Xe Xe
Pt ArQuello, Cal CA L X X Xe Xe
White Sa nd~ NM WHS X X
Ea lin AFB EG L X X
M SC , Houston MCC X X
ITe lemetry Airc ra ft (d)
NOTES:
a - Record Only c - Remoted to ond from the MCC
b - Remoted to MCC d - Three te lemetry aircraft i n pri mary recovery area
* Remote Site Data Process (R SDP)
The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy
(CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN,
and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui
sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo
graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact
Predictor OP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft
and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as
shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation
and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the
Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites
that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command
capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for
manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct.
5/24/65 Page 18
-0
0
(0
(1)
I \ /J I \
P ,I C / I
TH
I / /_ I \ / / l
w
I
0-
<.n
I
0
.i,..
FIG. 22
M-913-65-04
BACKGROUND
Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man
orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man
lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to
increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational
techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become:
a. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days
b. Rendezvous and maneuver in space
c. Docking with a target vehicle
d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts
e. Control led reentry
f. Operational training for al I flight personnel concerned
To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which
this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital
insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation
qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space
flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration.
The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two
astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI ' with type of missson and approximate date
of flight:
TABLE VI
Mission No. Mission Objectives Date
GT-5 Seven-day flight with experiments* Latter 1965
GTA-6 Radar rendezvous and docking Early 1966
GT-7 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Early 1966
GTA-8 Optical rendezvous and docking Early 1966
GTA-9 Simultaneous countdown and Mid 1966
rendezvous
GTA-10 Direct rendezvous Mid 1966
GTA-11 Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Late 1966
GTA-12 Apollo-LEM abort simulation Early 1967
*Includes rendezvous evaluation pod
The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi
mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary
landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab
lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid
Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles
in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta
tioned only in the primary landing area as ii lustrated in the recovery forces diagram
5/24/65 Page 20
M-913-65-04
GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES,
RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES
;J
\)
DO
00
30"
~
00 HICKAM 0
00
00
0 GUAM
O"
~ PRIMARY
l~ RECOVERYAREA
0 PAGO PAGO
8 REEm;~ANEA "
CVS CARRI ER
30"
00 OESTROYER
AO OILER
0 CO NTINGE NCY /)};;
RESCUE FORC ES
FIG. 23
of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency
landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been
necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen,
and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to
render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to
the bases shown in Figure 23 .
It should be noted that there
are numerous types of aircraft
in the launch area and primary RECOVERY AREA FORCES
landing area for telemetry,
weather reconnaissance, aerial ARS AIRCRAF T PRIMARY RECOV ERY ZONE
photography, and recovery (480 MILES N DIAM ETER )
operations. In addition to
these aircraft there are also
several helicopters in the pri
mary recovery area from the
aircraft carrier that are carry LANDING FOOTPRINT
(ELLIPSE - 200 MILES BY
ing swimmers. These swimmers 40 MILES)
deploy into the water and
attach an auxiliary flotation
collar to the spacecraft. Launc USS WASP AND
ONE DESTROYE R
area recovery forces are de AT TOUCHDOWN POINT
3 WASP HELICOPTERS
picted in Figure 25. 1 WASP COMMAND
AIRCRAFT
1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT ~ ARS AIRCRAFT
FIG. 24
5/24/65 Page 21
M-913-65-04
LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES
2 MINE
LANDING FOOTPRINT
USMC ( 27 MILES LONG)
\ AMPHIBS
USA
M 113
LARK
TANKS
FOUR HELICOPTERS
TWO PHOTO JETS
FIG. 25
5/24/65 Page 22
NASA ROUTING SLIP
ACTION
CODE NAME (if ,,,msary)
APPROVAi.
,. CONCURRENCE
FILE
INFORMATION
2.
INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE
NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0
3.
NOTE ANO RETURN
l'ER REQUEST
RECOMMENDATION
SEE ME
5.
SIGNATURE
REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF,
6.
7.
REMARKS:
~ - Of4-· ~
~ ~~~--
&._. Q~u' HL ~
J)k ~ - ~ ~ 1-~t
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0ATE ,
NASA 'Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) u.s. GOY[RMN[NT PRINTING o,,ict ~ 196-& 0,-1571845-
NASA ROUTING SLIP
~ ACTION
CODE NAME (if 11«mary)
APPROVAi.
- CONCURRENCE
1. \6 ,-,----£ FILE
J • INFORMATION
2.
(- i/--e_ .. INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE
NOTE AND FORWARD
3.
NOTE AND RETURN
PU REQUEST
"· IIECOMMENDA TION
SEE ME
5.
SIGNATURE
REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF:
6.
7.
REMARKS ,
~~1" CT'µ:;:- I
©4;~"'1- r#- ft{ J' c_
~ z.s-- frGJ'
4. l
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FROM: I CODE : I NAME :
~0_ I DATE :
N ASA f or m 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963) (/ C U.S. GOVI RNM ! NT P RINTI NG Off' IC[ : 19H o,-67'8 4 5
EX l 3 ROUTING S L IP
- NA E
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N. G. FOSTER
R. L. cox
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G. C . HR A B AL
R . A. MO K E
F. B. NEWMAN
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B . BROCKER
~ M. M ~ ~
FILE
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Belt 11
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Now t he ai r ~l ow was discovered q1lit a number o· y ea s ago wh en it wa s
stud · cd .om t e ground the h ard way and, uh uh, by etometer (?)'
,1.nd l,y ( tri11.nguJ.;.i. t • on) , by tryi ng to determine h ow high i t wa s it was
many yea r n h r oJ"<• on· 1,a<l ::om,1 j< <'>L how ll lg}1 tr,c air 1.i:low really was,
ancl .ir1 a rnorm:11. wv "W j.ll .lrnl.i1:1d,· l1t)W in u. rrv-.1.l,L<·r- f ccr·ond.o Glenn and
-<! ....it..
, ,. c..-.
~ Cu.rp ·nL(·r- wac ·· lil • Lo <:Lr:r-m i 11C: in u mutter [" seconds how jgh
it w:.J,,s . /\ncl tl1< : r1 lie: d:i.<t v.wu.y w:i.tl, :,0 y :r.1.rs of' hard wor·k. Aga.in the e
W"l.ls :L dis,·ov _ ry 111a<'l.c Lh<..:.rc: hut LJ1c pc,in t WIL~: t;h at in a few ~ - c onds from
th . :L ht vant 11~ poj_ri L yn u cnn d > tl jolJ. Nuw with tl'ic air glow t hen
.Looki ng 'U/~(' 011 LL so L of ul1 , wt· ' l l . . . a band we never mean by
LK't.nd ·t red. l' 1.•f't't:tly tlc~ :i. 1'.ncrl arnl J.jkc.: i n th· s lide or som thing like
tlio.L. . i t :;urn l,j IIK: :; a Ji t;t;l • J'11z:1.y l,ut t:.l1i s j s U1c air glow band and thi s
C rp ·11t r nnd. li_y r·ock. ·t pn.::;~i11r.; L11r-()t.1/'.h the 'L.i.r elow. TJb th·I s is t h e air
glow dg on tl11tL we 1t1~v, _
h .ard ttl,rn1t Ut:Ls mot'ni.ng uli i t was u sed i n
-
er com1 rtion vlit}, l:h _ u:,,xtu.n) X'P'l"imc.m L.; ancl ' O on.
to 1: i vc y 0 11 ::om(: idcu. ol.' wl 1c-rc; we - :;l.1t11d. in 'l id/~l1tnes s .
Now 1 just wanted
N w ub, before
~tr.Jwv--~
C.-lc1 111 w-:tn l.n l1;rvc· ,'.onr· ,i!'I' 1rl , 1 tl1v thD1l1'.ht W' L(.; Lo have him i r l t imaJtl some
And NASA h ead-
And. nil , ull , ,John Glenn
w,1 :~ ; '. i v,·11 .-L 111 1.1.,-1,w , i 11l.('r· l', ·1 ·,·11cc l'i .1 l.1·1 · ve1·y slrnilar to thls t ype that was
1i:; <I ,,v,'r L1 1t· (;;,,xt,u;r. IJl 1 he , I re: , 11!.; , did not have ve y much time
Belt l l 2
l,o use it, but l,c did uh have a cha nc to ob s e .,_ve the air glow
-rith the naked eye and h e ·aw it edge on and h e a lle it , uh .
name for it a t the mome t and . a nd really t he first time you s e e
a thing l ike that y ou don ' t know whether it haze or l uminou s sort ; i t
d.oes look haz y . Uni'or·l.;unal~ ly t 11 . pr·er;s and other p eople ke pt tha t t e rm
•·l si:;t, ,• ,)11:,;i ••L .in1-~ 01 · dus t. p11:r:-tlc•J(\~_; :i 1ci s o <,n . ReH-l ly, wbat Glenn saw
wn. air · p;l w- tlt:'.t' on :t Jumillou$ l 1t_y·, ., ·. Thex·, · may be :i littl -· d st thee ,
l..,.~
may tinv " omctl 1i Tl/'. to -::.u.y ul>oul: l.t1a t , l,ut, the pr.cdominate feature
is j t ·i.s a ~elf J wninout: 11-y r . Now, C:.1.r:-:pe r,Lcr ha s mar. time to observe
i.t . lle took t h int rfC'r:- nee filt •re• hack u p with h j m and uh , he was
1:,.bl to tim a ::; La p as'"'inf( t h row~li U1c air f~low a s the star was s etting
1..1.nd lie n ote i I_; n.rni t u Tl ·cl :Lt V y c-nre rull y . throur;h the air
/'.low the u1)pt:r LI ; low r· and when :it cl .i :;app e 1u· :c . From that careful
LimJ 11e; inJ 'ut·ma.Li un ore wt1:~ utile to µ.i n ,town Uie ex act time of' the air
1-'.low. Ro 1w: li.ly •)() l d J.u 111eL(•1 · . /\nd Lili s -i.o wl 1:iL took mnn,y many years to
do 1·1 ·,,m Ll 1(' p:ni111 1d l,_y l.1 ·.ir1.rw.1 i.Ju.'\. :I ,)11 ( ·:·) w-J1 i <" I, i :~ ver ·y v ' r.y d.i ffic:u.lt cau se
you 1t<·v c1 · l<.11ow l11 n, l,u Lnk(· , ·,tr · u1 · 1.11111. Ln1nsml s s.i on W<i.S
o ic;c1 ·vation . Uh, we had h ped
J. iglrt 1vl1 :i<- il is very d iffi ult to s ee
I H'1J.r- I.I1c :;1111 , c111 c trtl, yrn1 ,·itn ~;(' (' i t, c,1uy 1.ri 1('TI the s un :is , oh, some
C--
l:r:lt l l
v/1 • some: L:i.rnr: sec :. ;.3tronauts might
l.1c aolc t o sec t hti.t . UJ i, Coop e was able to see the . light , and uh ,
White and McDivitt s aw the . . . light , ve ry wel l. Uh, the let 's se e
there ' s another point here ; well, w ' 11 go ba k t o t hat in a moment . The
cason I 1,htnk have tt otl1e.r dcsji.'.ns I~ show what r:Fm be done . If we
lw.vr: Urne Lu ehow whuL 1· 1n1 be don<· lly r~xLem.l.int'. v i s 1..ia1 obscr vt"i.tions we
,,.,:111 do so . UJ1 , :,om 01 · Ll1 ·s • n. w r :_:u]ts , 11t1 t hat McDivitt and White
we re able tu r or ar v ry . nLc r 'S Ung . Ul1 f ir s t of all, t hey saw a
structure in the air g l ow a nd this is the fi rst time this i s e p ort ed. In
one inst ance a uh , . i s seen some structure i n the
~i r el ow that they ' re looking edge on turns ( whlte) . . . . Thi s has never
been obscrv d b for e . It is ve r y hurd to observe t hi s with a roc ket ; you
clan ' t know when to fire the rocket to do t hat . They, they obse rved that .
They obcer-vcd. unothcr intc.;rc ct:Lnp, tli ·ine; . They observed mcteo o i ng into
Lh • 1:,.1r.th ' :: -'Li..mu:..;phcrr: dnwn ·1ic1ow Lb . 111 . I t .i :; the .first time a mcteo
1::: rcJ ,ortccl f"r.um uh , uJ1 , npac l1y l.l!l ,rnL onui1L . And it. wa a very pecu-
1.iar .xpe rjcnc:c l"or· i..11 rn I itru sure: b r·.-1u se they saw the things below them
go ng own .I.nto t.hc ca1 · t;h ' n utmo::;pltcr(: . Th_y saw when they were over
/\u t al ia) they cuw u.J1 ave /1.ustru.lin they sn.w (southern) lights uh ,
Lli·i.,.. 1 tg :I. n ir.; L11e l'it·:::I; time J tl i inl< Ll1·i s i s reported by astronauts .
. u lo L Ile l. l:c r Lllan I c 1L1ld. m1 uh . and
l.l11..':;,• :i 1· , :: wl, l,1 · r1i1-'.l 1L l.i1n,· pl1 L't1,,1m·1111. 'rh 1·c ut·c some inte e ting twilight
pl 1c11<>n11'11u. I.I rd, i :~ d •i IT.i 1·1l.l L P ll i.H•rv, ' 1· 1·um oc ·kc t s or sate l ites and they
(Jh tllcy fow1d sunrise s more
Belt ll l;.
spectacular than sunsets. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can.
Uh , going to go back a moment t o what Coope r J uh , what Schirra
uh, saw during a twilight right a fter sunset . He obs erved) uh, the planet
Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta.
cular array of colas , he describes them very carefully in the report,
in the blue.: book, his 1iJ.ue book , and sumrna.rys blue book too . Uh , he
d.escr-ibcd a ro.th r :Lnt est:lng blue hand that ' "' three blue bands ;
you r-an o.11 0chi c a. ' s hlues . Uh , . . . is true and he's able to
d.o qu • t w 11, \./ i th bl1t ~s . He observe a da k blue , light blue, a nd a
dark blu /\nd t le worc.l "light" i1-i 1:1. d ··_ fi ult word. When one says
l j gh L on d.o sn ' l: know whether on m nns the lue was a lighter hue or
'j_t W:l: ; brig! I t J: • nut 1 j t J it 1:ipp '1:1. ~ to be 1:1. iigr1t blue J and. one has
to use these wo tls or what t hey stand. Anyway, we uh , from what these
ob se vations v re is (reportedly) on to a tape and is . (debriefing)
and afterwards we are all very consistent . We had an order to try to
construct this thing . The fir s t time a ound it needed a little correction
wr1en lkhirra saw 1.t; th s cond t me around he was somewhat, he was
quit plca"ell w:i. Llt H . We di<ln ' t quit - know wl a t this thing (band)
was u. t; f ir st · ,.,, 'r s Lill not too sure . Uh, we think it might be
I ook :i 111-~ . [; j rn le.::;:.; tube 1>c'c:tuse th . tomorrow is
11:;c· Ll1<: :;11.111c l, ·r:!111.Lqu v J\ r· t.:Lmi.ll1-; :Ls Carpenter Jiad stn.rted. Uh . we
l,h lrik 11(1:;ci 1,.1.Y- ,m • :I.~-; l111,·c·rvj nt,~ Lil • O:loni sphcrc edge on . The ozonisphere
, ,. appr·ox·im11.L ·ly ul1 , 011 , L'r •om 10 t l'.> kilometers hitsh up to rO, some-
t.!1inr, .L:ik that . I t (H.·ems to huv u 11lll.Ximum around 2:> or 20 kil omete s .
rh,
1
l1J1 ozone 1i8 you know, is very ve y absorbing in the ultraviolet,
BE.:lt 11 r::
_.I
in ·:wL c·tir11plcLc, ,dJsorl 1;.1.nl; lw·J.ow 3000 !"or s ol;ir radiation c.:oming
'.rlu:, t'C :i.s anoL! 1e r· weak band o ozone i n the ed,
y ll(Jw, t:tnd 1~, .c; 1 jn tbc
• l,,,rnd uh , at , uh , di sta nce 5000 .
6000
7000 and i J• ·1iy c l ock I ill absortion this wa y
Ur r1 rt w- D.I< 1r1.om· l,11.nd p1 · :: orr, _(;h :ir1r'. .l .i k c· l;hn./., .
And ·i (; clo :J s 11 tract , tt
\./c · I.J, 1111 , L11,:n· i:: PrLly an 1·q, 1i vnlc·1d; oJ' ;2 rnjJirnc-tc1 ·s
tir · ) n1il:iinc ·l,c-r:;
:t l·,mcl~JJl 1er, , !.11:1.I; i:; 01 · 1· (1111 ·~:" , l,e:1 ·1.1.11: :c ' ,·,miplc l.1 , (r:orrt,j , 1111.1.t:i on ) o.L' th sw1-
J :i,g}1 l: .
llow,,vc1 ·, wl 1e:n ,yu1r lo k at l.lrJs c:u.ge c,11 you ' re look:ing throueh
:,o i I. <Loe ,:: :11./.,tl-j,c:t out 11 lot uf' red
1
'L li('t '1' 1 :: c; 1•r·l.:r.i11.J_y ,1, ]nl. ()I' l '(•d, yr • IJ.c, 1✓, 11nd 1•1 ·<·<:11 :in 1,/ 1C' lilu · sky any-
iv: '.Y .
/\11<1 1,_y ·1 l.l.1·:1.1 • 1, i 11,•~ i.11a1. ,111l. _y1•11 ,·11d_ up w i 1.11 nnnLl,l·t · kJ 11'1 of' blue .
I 11 i'·w l. , 1.11 i :: i :: 1•111:i. l. i I, 1-1.·1:: .
I~, . we 1·1·11 ' I, :-JLll ' <' a rr l l.h('ll ycst.e:r'l.iay ,
\,/t • 1• ,. l.:tkh11 •: , 1.J,,,y l 1wl l11·c•1r l,:tkin1,'. w-il. 11 Ll,cjr · 1'.11 1 ,:amc- ·a tllll u.li , ~n the
, ·,l./l'1'i111'. ir, l,fi<- Lop 111" Ll r<' ~(• .
Br:lt 11
,· ,mr i r·rncu. l ,y p! ,oi;ol,';rapliy, motion p ie t trre photocrap hy. The explanati on
I givr may or may not )C: i['.'.;l t , I don ' t know. I have n ' t had a cha nce to
J.n ok u. t all the 1 ,ther p r·ohlcm •. 'l'l1 . r, ' n a l s o 8. dust layer in here within
l.l 1r· :.;j tuut.i.on d()wn by U11: wh :Ltc l i clit too well I
,lon ' L know, :it rtuty be v ·ry c· ompli -1-it d . ''o 11crc 's another situation where
un oh .; r v1::1.Lion lnLer <·(in1':i rmed .Y• uJ- 1, 1.1.notl, cr Get oi' ast1·onauts doing
l fh , <:nupcr · mack •,ume v r:y intcrcs tinB ob -
0
clown un t }1c <:l oud:.: und >-1.:i 1· p;low j::.; vr-r,y trarn; p,~r-cnt j n s olu r !"adiation and
Ll1at.. sort u !' t hin/~ so wh 11 you l o k ti.mm y ou ' r·e e;ettinc u.h , sort of
r·je;rrt 11 hjrnl j(·, , you ' r· ·· /'. t t:in1 ~ an ·i nte ri sem·rrt of , of ligh t here and y ou
:.;c ,·J011ds a rid 01 · ,· our~;c· Ll1 ' rcsL i s :J. l.'ucto1· <>L' t wo d :i f f e nt .
'l'l 1i s i:.; i1,Le C" Lin1: 1eca1tsc the
p 1·1fpl,· rll)W I Li'(' 1-1 111 ·l,:i 111'. ,,11 1.11, · po <·-v a1r.l I. :J.i. 1· 1~Juw expvt· .Lm-nt whi h wi l l be
1111 . 1,wl L. w1 • •
,. l<lild:: .
'I' 1r( · r ·, • ' : ; • L11• , I.I 1( • r • i 1 1L< • 1·1 · : ; I. i 111 '. I. i l, LI ( • l, .Y- 1~ I ·~x l 1 II" l, .
ln 1, w•i L:1 l trt mnon . ·r is i
rJ
ct.lWttys l, !1 • ('d gc o n u.lr ~low . But yo u also a:ce looki ~ through the a i r
c;low, I.i s i l, i s r;omine;
oun ; you' r e l ooking so t o f taking t wo pa sses
thr our:h t he· rd r 1~- u w jn::;tc 1;t.d of one , l onp: b i g pa t h and y ou a r e getting
:;omc .I i,'-~hi.. ; and _y1, u. 1H ·<~ 11ul. /'. -·l;t I ll'. vc r _y mur·l 1 l :i ht :f om t he s urf ace o f
1lJ i i n / ,c• r·c . I JJ 1, McDj v.il.t ,tnd \.fliitc·
\./, :11 l':i n e , i.l ' the @)on is out :Lt is
j ll w 11i 11n ti 111 '. Ll1c ca r t J1 ' :.,; Jen, : 1.ntl p· r l ,u _p:__; the' il. w-as 1 J.i t tle bri r✓,htc r
l,J11 u 1 !.11 ' /J. ,i , . / '..11 ,w Wi l ('J I l,l tl'/ '( ' j r• n11 rrl( )() fj t he ol·./1c r. wny ;.;,,rotmd.
But 1,;h •
l n Pact Lhc•y pre f er
Lhe Lit i n,1~ 1.1 1 J i)I(: o.r tl.c.:m11rk 11 t;:i.on :i s mu d , mon: 1·1 rw 1:1.t n igh t t han i n
t I 1c <I a _yt :lmc : .
T'h c c!.lty-L:i1r1c 1ll.t.Y tl rc <" J owl si l,1J:·t1.:ion i ::: tih v er y d if· i c ult
effec:t 01.
11. :;ccms U11J.t they, they
ituati on
t ytime .
I )/ I ' .Y' •; : ' i I. rl 0)( . . . lilt . l, 11I. "" I. v,·r ·,v 1t 1,, , · lt .
N, ,I 1.i 1c 1d . . l tll , t he v l s:tbl c
11 1:t ln· , •111• : ; l ..•t l.< ·1 •1, •1 tl • .
C
3elt ll
. ~
Lil :d r.;low from the 1·onL :i nui;J...Y',1c may have c:u1..,.s e pe ople t o think that
there ' s ::; om •Ll L.i n11: very n1c1.[~j c; a out Lhc.: 1~reen (line) .
,l -
Belt 12 1
5~7'1'
4-477 atomi c oxygen g reen l i ne of the air gl ow rom t he continual we may
have caused people to think that t here ' s someth ing very magic about t he
gree n (line) . I f you are starting t he green line certainly you want
to observe the g reen line are built very carefully to
obs rve (holding ) the g reen l ine j_n a nd uh, would continue (near) . But
for o.pplications it may not be alwuy" wise to sub tract the
(<.:ontinuim) . In other words , while' you ' ce d nling with a nd this is a gain
Lhosc 1,000, 7000 . 23 mentioned '.h 77 j s the green line right here
but tl 1ere ' s a str ng con tinuim rig/it nlong he .re . A lot of 1 ight here;
thi s :i.s th light we ' v been talkjng n.bout . 'I'his visual n ight (glow)
visnl>) c nip;ltt elow cdr.;c on :Ls is t he total. ,.,o there's a lot of light
thcr and just . . :· n tl c :Jexto.nt experiment . . . . constructively
cr iti cal p cx·riaps th r ,ason wh y th . didn 't wo· k too well i s a f ter
one is throwing a wa y a lot of l i ght . Uh , t his is not a s bad as the case of
foe J.ights you. know. Remember years ago the og light s were yellow.
'rhey were li~ht wasters . There i s no r1.:ason, the only reason why they
wo. kcd. well is th .Y w 1·L· low down :;o cv ·ntuall,Y the yc~llow . . . . disappear .
Hut .YtYll don 't; want t.o w;u:.:tc /J.liY Li1'.l1t. . Howev er White will point out to
ynu t 1 1· • • • • be <lid J>r.·c ·r us :i.np: l;l1c 1~re e n l'jlter and McDivitt p referred
I ':i 1.·::; t t o , 1.cpcnds a lot your own method
,,r· ul11~ r:rva.t.J1,n . J do w:Lr,t to po.i.1,L L,uL that on' has Lob very ca eful
I 1ow on • rnak1.::i . upplicu.t:i or1:-.; n1 · 1d e glow. Uh, ecall any
other u.h , l-.t1irlf.'.f; , tlie_y you. wcrcn ' t l1ct·c ye st.e day ; . know a
J i.ttlc bit 1;tbout H ..
lfli , I think I shoulcl . . . . . senr·it i ve ity H ' each of the astronaut s
start:i.ng with Glenn who l ad trouble getting . . . .
Well, I r eally don ' t want to get into that t oo much for this reason. Finall~,
there will be a very ine experime nt carefully planned through the .
I mean sensitivity uh,
Oh , uh , uh O. K. Well Glen n didn ' t u <:hang t o get . . . . and therefore
he wa n ' t able to n!B.k c the E:amc a<.: ut observations for example, a s Cooper
was a le to make bcca1.we for example , I don ' t think Glenn had an oppor-
tunity to really eet . . and see very muc;l1 on the daytime skies but
you mean maybe, uh, tha t t ype of ult ,
W 11 uy, Y'S , uh, o v cn star light .
Oh, alright ine , alright , I see what you mean . What was the (landing)
o bit magnitude?
Yes .
0 . K.
llh, g oing bac k to . . . . let rn continue with tha t
Uh, in one ·a sc Coop - r \-,as taking o. small, woke up and opened hi s blind
and looked out and he was on t he dcr.y s ide . The e arth was d irect l y below
him, the s u11 was d:Li:-c c tly behind M m. Do the a.rth was not illuminating
any portion oJ' th window nor- wu s :i.t; :I.l.lumina ting anyt hing that the
window :;aw. 'l'hcrc :i.::; not prj ma. y , :Jee mlary . . . . a ca
Jjk• Liiat . II<: hu.d. IL :p1·c •t,Ly 1~oorl s :it ual,ion and 1~ d i d ::,ee s tars in the
d:i.y l,:int<: ln.rl, lie cJjd h1d:i.,·11.tc Ll1at ltl ' wns ,1ot ul>l to S<' '• a s well in the
w, • l<.now th ', ·e: ' s :t tJ.ny a i 1• ~low l>uL i ts vc r-y di LTicul :t to me a sure and he e
J'.; ab r,:Lnni :ng f usu ,jcct:i.v ob"c1 ·vntion of , of it s (me n ) at the
<>n uorir-d S<J tt1i1.t d urlnp; the; clny sid.<.: one can :took and observe p hysically
what the d ay air glow is . Now t his is very important b ecau se here we
have the orbiting . . next y ear and very i mportant background prob-
lem. Two of t he orb i ting . observatories . . . . . are above the
1:dr glow, t hjs air glow. nut the day air- g l ow is much higher and uh,
at l ea.st , there ' s p;ood evidence in the rocket measurements that i t ' s
higher and i t ' s sort of u.ssoc:iatecl witli a red air glow. And, so here 's
our situat ion where an o.etronaut was a1Jle to : mbjectively note the d i fference
between day and nip:ht in the (sky) Uh, McDi v·i t t and White were able to
sec d1.')\v.J'l to 7tl1 antl 8t! 1 lf'll:ll '.Tli turc r.; tar::; where as the other a stronauts
were not al>lc to sec so well. AgEr i .n i. t may be: 1:t question of time
(darkmcntation) p erhaps not that much more t ime but uh , ...
t hey were ge tting d own to uh, the kinda of sensitivity . . . that uh,
should be possible under , under good condi t ions of dull a tmosphere .
Uh, should we mention a nything (about) the window (pane ) and uh, . .
to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear someth i ng on
Lhe window or tak e something o:ff w:i L:h ld s elbow or somethi ng. I t appeared,
rcom what w(~ heard, thn.t he tood sometl1:i ng oJ'.L' there h~s been some
nr:cumu.11;1 t i on ( 't) them ::.w:lt Le ring tile mc<li um on Lhe wi ntlow and we took
:~omc (;!' :I t oJT m1<i ,rltcn i t look at whnl. lie d ici. they have to l ook inJ in
Lhr-011 1•11 t.1 1<' w-i11dow , i L lnok.ed blac-k wlH-rc he ltnd. rubbed someth ing off,
:;caU.vrinp: u !T W-:iJ1d.ow w·J1l<:l1 !ind. a1T11m1Llal:ion (>1' little particles which
1u ·c; brou~hL or- ::a)lll\:tltJ np: wl1i<:li wo11lcl get in tlic light t he place where
he moved i t :md. again j t lol)k ed. I\u t 1cl'ter nll the cockp i t inside is
:Belt 1 2
relatively b.l.ac k cornpa. ed to the 01 tsidc . And th i s is true and they
J ooked out thro1--<13.h the 'Window 1.1h , there seem d t o b e a change . In fact,
they have a pl'1 otograp h of t h is ( spot ) . . . . talk abou t that . Uh,
they are very uh , they say the astronaut s have t aken advantages of every
po ssible opportunity t o note something unusual . And he keeps all
the (;opies . . Uh , . . I think we can look a little b it
to the :futu.rc . I th ink we uJ.l woul.d like t o extend the . r a nge of
vi s i011 o.nd the wa y to do tJ-mt i s w•i t l1 inn ge converters . Thia may be
vc y ])rnc tic.:tl.l. Uh, i on · j s des.line: with uh , the iclea of perhaps using
'L v iol t lens t·at11er tl11m 11 ulue to r...-;ct d own to a re g:Lon that is .
many ruo e c·ommunt::: on . You mn.y ue /7, t t.! ng into cl. reg :i on wbere the eye
snot ve r y sensit i.vc or nots nsitiv • at a ll, yet i t is a very inter
esting re gion to do p ractical navigation well , there one can us e the image
c;onverter and hav the eye become s ensit ive through a n image converter
to uh , (the near v:i.ole t) . There are many ob servations tha t have made
I' om roc k - ts that are 1 a d to repeat . Uh, for e xample , ultra viole t a urora .
We ' re not sm·e thi~ happened b ut uJ1 , two of th , se . . in a rocket
nntl L11rou~~l1 ,y_j r· ai1d. -Lt r:ot satura t d Ftnd it tm·n s out t hat it probably
WHS a vc y st-.rong ll·: trnv:i o:JcL u 01 ·1-1 over Wa]ll)ps Island . And f'o r t unately
t.w-o ol' tile ( 1;1:l<· t..,lmc Lm··n ) worked uml l>ec:iuse ti icy were . . to s uch
J,i1...-;!1 ::i;rw,iLivlty l111L tl1c otl1t:l' t wo W-< : r·<· . . . . Wel J_ , Lili , there .as
11u vj ::;1Lh.l • <:()tmt.cr·J)u.r.L 01 · thJ s aJ."c:t; tile e Wl:l.s 110 w y of knowing it ·
::;11 t .LJ J Les I 1avc • • • • • . 11<; tromJ.uLs might ' c able to l o ok a round and
. LLltravio l c;t 1.:1.urora. •r1,cy saw l".hi" aura a j_n south
/\us tralia visually . Wi ~J 1 LI 1ft t 's l;I 1e bcginni.nt;. Perhaps With image
c:onw-rt rs Ll1cy rr\j t,'.llt p•ic ·k 11p s om • 0Ll1cr · aurora .
11 I L. n, vi oJ ct. C/'. 'i on ; we don ' t know whether
I I ,. ,. • I I i r l. ~
1 I • :I
12 5
o w he: r< · af,:a i :, "'"n j magc, converter
,1jll <'nnvr•r- . . .. . l i1~hL Lo v •i.:-.;al J c I i1 ~ti1. . Uli, l, ;1eir 0 1, servu.tions
l.haL have 1Jri n mucic o f U1esc neb locil.ies (? ) which may or may not
,,e so , th s • are ulLraviolet nebuloci ti . s (?) in the 1200- 1 300
r g ·on . Aw in on migli L h a v un j rnal~l' c onv er L r or c ea te an i maee
in a rnutt,,r· o(' u mnm nl. luok o.t u linL!(? ) untl :;ee if one an see this
tlC'buloc i Vi~,; (?) . M1 y1n· on ... j n:; Ln.w1cn .al Jir·oblem(? ) -.,,e don ' t
know . In I.Iii :; L.Yfl<' or <'X[K' r· i.mcnL v<• r·,y diffic 11. t o uchie:v . Uh ,
',l(' J] I think (,l111.l . ' :; a.1,oid. Jl I witril,<·d Lo ca.v 1.th , I tun ::;u1·e you ' ll
l.h c,y :lf)l,) un-d ; Lhv t::iL ,·01,u11I.; ; when 1.11!'.Y t;cl] .voI1 ahou ', th , wh en ... .
'l 'h J i:; t 1.I1i1w. on our r,ror:r·arn i::; I.I,<: 1t:~l. rona11L" , anu I. ey ' ve
ohviou'.;ly 1,<:en d0l1.l.,yed :;o I ::;uvgcsl. w<' l.ake u. <·orfee 1;r co.k whjle
w wail. for f.hcm ..... Wc ' l cul. our· c:ol'f'ee bn,1:1k shor L. Co lone
McDj vi LL ar,d Colon 1 WI, i L hfav silown u J her(' . Uh , mayb e we an
r co11 11t. (?) , I. k • a min11l.c uncl .c ecouriL 1·0 -c th~m what w~ • ve cone . Uh ,
our 1nLen1. l1L'r was Lo 1,av<-' each or 011r· exp rimcntors p,o tlirougr1
111 i>:L< · k1-'. r· <ll111d or I.lie 1'Xl'c' 1·i 111<'11L , /'.l) I l1 r-ou gl1 1./w •xp rim nl, , and
: ,.1 :;u 1.ivv :;,1111, lll' .VPlll' ( ' ( HnllH'til . :; ,V(l ll /'.i •VI· t'.o 1 111'111 .v ~I.L'f' a,Y , 0
I 1.11 i .1k l.ll• t t.h
::p<·ul~<· r·( ·t ) w•J1Jlli :q11,n·,· i:1I. , · , i 1· .vo11 W(11il, i , u l1 , ,:ave s,.'ll\e 01' .,·otr own
c·omrn, )11I. ;-; w,d < l,:;1:r·v d,i,,11:: 011 "•t<'h ,i1 · Ll1L'..,e •.· p • ci.mc1 l...; , wh re ,vou ar -
I icip;il,c•il rllf>r'l' l/11111 1.. 111 · (~:wil.< · lt w:,:: i11 opcrat.ion ·! ) , a11tl , uh ';ive
l. /1('0I f.I1(· O(lf!Or·l.1rnit..v I<, IJ.:-;I<. l l'<.' W qtt(• .:i.ion u 1> ;1~,1 · on :..l ie o\.h('Y
l.l1i111'.: : 1.IH'.Y lall<.< •d :Jl1011/ I.Iii:; morJ1i11 1' . . . An c .L ,rtw ss Lhis morn · ng
w< · ,,,, ·11!. I. 1r·<111 f'. l1 Li,,, m<'di1 ·:d ,·xp .riu1< •11I: : I · Lrsl . . . Lhc me .i c· l e:icpe r iments
<[j)
.. ' . Be H 12 6
and , L, cholce oJ.S Lo how you .....•....
(l\.ctually ) Lwo r ours in space .
I don ' t think the re a re any questions on tha t .
Ha, Ha .
The X- ray s ( '?) dlcln ' t c.:r.a.1 se any sign if · c1::1.nt ha dsh ips as far as the ..... .
Lo fl lgh L. 'l'he y mtvl- u::: get up wh1-d. , 10 minuL •[: a r li ·r .
Yr·1;.h .
W<: J you cw huck ( 't ) L ,uL. ~;lncc Lhcrc was ,mly 4. 3. (?) I gue ss
'l'l1ut ' s most ::;er lous p ro h em<• a.nd I wan Led a milkshake or something
as soon a s I landed and I c uldn ' t have it . aid I couldn ' t have any
calcium until what , ( 20 hours afterward s? )
/\s far as the flight probl ms
'l'hat' s a pretty safe f oar (?) my hce rlid.n ' t hurt at all.
M"ne ' s all hale up .
Tin. , Ha .
1 did.n ' t trd.nk yo u had enough hield c1.L Lhe rnom -•nt (?)
Ila, Ha .
1'he uli , phon cardiogram (?) like s ome of the othe r se nses (?) ....
eouplc day~ (?) Noi. so LhaL we coult.lr1 ' L arry on the mission .
JL w.t ··n ' t any more t;oL11 ·rsome than u1.v ( l f the o Lhe r ones .
l. ' db'enh1 L •r•st.cd in , LnLcrestc\1 ink.110wing , uh the ..... .
rcsu It.:~ of Lhein .
It, h:;.~;ri ' l. l" ( Jlll< ) lJp . .. .. .
v,• .•i.1 1.
Wl 1LL I ' rn ·(• 1.dly int.el'l'::1.vd i11 is wl1 L'Ll1\· r· or 1tul. our m ion dist rbe d
l.l 1c mi<·rupl1,>11 • enough 8(> Liu.LL you 11,• LnJ n lot. \)i' other· things ..... an
1101, ncc!cssar· il.v 1u· l1cur· L . I~ L. Wi ' i. uh , a.lw· ys have the band on the ..... .
• I .,,,_ .
Belt 13
ua h- ... . . man on the t ape .
1'he EKG?
On t he bi ometry tape r ecorde r .
'l'ney we r e arr a nged in s uch a manne r that the - the phonocardio -
1~rwn by it self was not r cor clerl on both t ape recorder s . It was
only r-ccor dc <.1 on one tupc r •cor de r. /\.nd s in,~c_: we were not neces::;ar ily
inL · r es tcd in thl: mun wl1u wu~ u.wa k<! , l,ecaus e l,J was mov i ng a r ound
: r.ii.1 y oL1 we ·• ·n ' t. 1-~n ing Lo L .v .o gc L uround t q t.t :J.L anyw:1y . Whe:n(:VE::r
1.> ll<: w ·nL to :;J.ec1, , lJ • !J I, i omud LF.l.J) r 1 c:0r<l r w:i.:; un . Most oC- the
I' L.ight pr oflle 0 11 t.hc j om d .....
Do either oi· you talk in y our sleep?
~o , I d on ' t eliev e so .
Jim doe s n ' t, do it?
The r e we re ome - thr oughout the sl ·ep I f elt ine . I know I moved
around move d my a r ms an tri d to get. mor e omf rtable .
J o nly u e 1 bout hu.l o f my "i r st Lhrc c sleep per i ods , whi h .....
l,1t:: IJ1·:<: n r ·<k po::i 1. ,, b.v Lite l.lm Lite l.ld. r d X- 1·ay was being ...
JJ, ,, i. L l::; ul I he:a.l(:ci u_r, rlghL now. 'l'l1crc is nv hin g \ffong with it .
Wu don ' L r ·,dly l1nvc tl1 c tl.uLu yeL , l ,ju;;t talked to Dl' .. ... .
e hcu rd h i. i~ rnurnirw I.I 1a t 13 Lo 10 p<: t'L'. nt , H to 10 pe r ce n t calcium
d c l' i. c icnt .
We 11 , we mud • u . .. ... uwJ L ,tm a.f r a i 1l .;..~ l o s s - nut quit e ba k
N"I. •p1i l.1· al I 11,1,('k a11 cl w, · w, :r1· :1. Ii 1.1.11 • 1·ur j_n11:,; . We wondered iI~ maybe
2
we o 1ffovi e ex Lra shiel • ng on tr,e right s id; of the pilot ' s heel
unt il a couple of week s from now we w · 11 chec it again out of
cur ios ity . It is not part of the p rotocol or anything else .
1~at ' s all righ .
)\11t , W(~ 1:1.re _just c;11 r'io u::.: Lo n na 0111, . Now WC reali ze Lhat you have
,j,1:.;L l,c; en pu.rudi111~ ---
••... Lhe mure you jomp a r ound on it i.!1 more .i L <.:ome s back .
.L ou ' t know .i.f' you think you have lie •n jomp j 111~ more or .....
[ wilJ. L1::ll y ou unE: thJ ng - I n&.ven ' L hud. my f':..i.lr share of ice
·re n ttnd mi k.
1 1 llad yo 11 taken your last X-ray:;?
Postfli.ght u 011L , .i.L ' s u llttle over 10 day s it was supposed to
I ,c 10 < ays itl!<l i L Litrn ouL Lo he l? , I beli vc .
W1~ ju:.; L l1ad Ll1 m.
Cl.lJne o w n tile '/Ll 1 r ichL , und -re J u · ·C di it y esterday morning , o
Lhe r e i t is Lh 23rd, al.Jout the 25nl day .
I thj nk if i L . s a (\me j on of exerci,3c, and ....
IL is not u d irr~ct, f1tncL i on I mean Lll:~L :i.s 011' variable , but it is
,j1 ,:.;t u cllr i 011:; i L_y t.11111.. wi.; 11:Ld cx:pec · i, . ti l.11at : t. WUlLld b<2 back up by
n,iw and it i:.; ri,il. <Jl.l i t,r, l ,,t · I< n 'nr j ir-(.: .
w, , I I , wl111.L i , . i I . n<.i w': ' ! l o w mun_y )•<.:1·1 ·<; 111. d o w n l : ; i L : C:in yo t t:ell?
W<, j j , j I, V'Uf' i r::..; I 11 ,w I ,c.: l. w, ·en l,i IC l. w 11 l\ j" .Y Il l , /\ i!d Lile r•c 1:l. l'C S t..ill
v,·,·.v p r ,~li111i 11:tr-.v 1Hiw . WI" l , u u l , i.11,)::, · .v,·:;l.c rdu,v , ; nd we - Lhcy we r e
.:l.i 11 p r· 11,t"l.i,·:,. l l_y w,·I. w11,·11 w1· w1. r c , hii,11~ i. t , i ,u t. we n.r e :., ill
Belt 13 3
JH'O\.Jahly 4 l.i r '.:,, p - rc.:ent. b ]ow wha t _y, u wt:: r e wh r::n we took our pre
f _Ligh L:; , ar1 tho:;~ wer ve ry cons tunt e::;pe c ·_ c.1.J l y the fir::;t t wo .
Well , if we are st.:· 11 4 o r 5 pe r cen down , t hen we onl y we n down
a b out E3 per ent .
High t .
What is the ~enslLivlty ··n your meU1od 't
Well, :1s I poinLeoJ out L11i.s mornine , if. , erieml:::: on t he situation , b ut
1~,i tlii 11k w are de1'inlt.cl.v within ~ prircc n t . lt. - we produced i t
,111 s ·v,:ra.l mnchi_n:; - m .11.Y Li.rne:.:; we, /J;<.;L much r· lu::; er th :-J,n that , but
w1: u.r e not. - we d1)11 ' I. wa11 I. Lo ,-~O 011 I. <1 11cJ ::.ny U ,al, we :1.re - Lt var ie s .
Wl1u.L w : 1:; yu ,, r- ex.per i_cn<.:,: wlU1 I.ht; ·M:cc i :;e?
Yes , well JeL m· <.:oounen t.. on Lh i.s fjr-::;I. liecau:;•.:: C think I deviated
l'u.r t he r t e exp riment . But afte r u.bou 2 days I felt tha t I wasn ' t
getting any exercise at all , and ther e Li; a J tmit t o how mucb push
ing on t he ·1oor Lhat y o1t can do , ~;o 1 , ot c l ,i.cance f'r om Dr . Grady ,
1...o go ahead and u.,e the xerc ise r t, hr ou1~ hout Lh • r emainde r of the
1' I igl1L . oL 011.ly a ,; a mcLl1 n of e:,rnrcj 1;e a s pn;s cr ir)ed n our medi cal
t,vp1~ I pa::i::c•:,; , liul. al,w a " a J'o r m ,,!' r•x ·t·cis i.11:\ my ar ms and legs ,
11nwr 'v,•, · _[ :;11.w l ' il. . /\nd. [ did do L. l1i :: t. llrou,~!1 1.1 1e r emuin r of the
l. ll.p; •Ll ll :: I.() 1•: o l1 dlt,Y ;c; 1J.11rl l ,c ('llpli.lJJ•· I.,, /,;c: L Oll l,;; ide tl 10 spacec raft
Ly rn,y ::, · l r l.l1 n11 l.u :;o r- L 01· s l.n.v in LI,<· .;I .a e u1 · l 1ibernnl ion . I
1<. i 11d u 1· lik<'<l _y,>11r , ·onm1•11 l. yc s t.eni:1..v , :;omethi11,~ :i ouL r ather 1a.n
l.1 , n Ii 11 11 i_n Lo a p11 mpk in . : ,uu1l: LI I Ln(! I. i k<: Lt at , [ Lhou ht it was f u nny .
Ii ·aJly . we w ' t·<· - J wa: ; 1•:(~l. l. .i11r1, muc:1 , l,:s :; exe r cise t han I h ad an i -
1· i pul. 11 d . 'l'l,<: r w:_,1,:-:; a ::p1 1rL (i:.u·J.'f i11 1.11 ,; r1 · 1~l1t. whe n I was g e t"ng
,. v,: r-,yl.l1ir 11~ ""l. , ,'.1;l.L i111 ~ ,·v c r ,y Ll1i1 11:; :;L,>n·il 1.Je1',11 ·c Lh ~VI\ n...'1d we
Be lt 13 4
ad a ot o • a fa ir arno u.nt of exerc •se there . Then I found I could
r each eve r y th · ng that... I needed t o reach without real ly .... myself all
ove r the inside of the spacecraft . I manage d to get all the food
out wh ·ch is a - in a lg is a fairly d "ff icult a sk, I manag ed to
f-'.cL j t o u t w i tho L a n y e fforL w hat... 1;0 •ver, once I got the first one
olT . 'l'riey we r·• 1:.1. ll .... 1,.n<l 1.h·y Wf: r· •; in 1.1. box ri -~ht ur::hind me and
l , j u : ; t . - I alwa_y:; lef't 1)11 l1 u.n(!. LJ1f-': <\111. . It... w,L ~; big n o u g h ::;o J t .
wu 1.lclJ1 ' L go lme;k i 11 l,u I.I 1c I 101 • an ti i I. wu:.; taped u ..Ll ..... und I d.i<.ln ' t
l1uve Lo worry abuu.l. .Lo.'.lin1,1, i.L so J ,j1i:;L rea ·l 1~d back und f "nd it, ,
und I j 11st jerke i_l, ani.i pre t., Ly :Jeon Lit -. next m•~ul would flop o L
t.11en I would Lak t.he rH.:issorr; an c11L that one o ff, wi. h no
l'for t whatsoever • d I antic.:.ipatecl Lhut I mi.gilt have to Lur n
around and read1 back in t,herc an )UJ. d o a lot of exerc • se s
t hut .....
/\notliu· thing Lhat we thought mig11 t, rov .i.de exe rci se just d • dn ' t so
_you !1ucl t..o mak i ,. And I W<.1.:m ' t l,IJ11L - I d .i dn ' t fee} l ike d uring
a I < I. t> f ex •r ·.i :;(: :; !'or c:;crr i :.;c :.;nhe !>••cu.use wu weren ' L getti ng all
1.11,) ; :lr·e11 l.i1al. wit:; t.11<)11 1-'.llf. w<· :;J1,>11lcl l1 ·Lv u and L ,justl l, sl. the es j re
I.,> Ii · du.i.n1-'. p1i::l11,p:: or 1~11_yLlli111: I ih\: 1.1,a L, } 11 . I did feel tlla I
I t.hi1d~ LtJ1.1.f. ::om•·Ll 1i ng uq.~i1l. .u \;-• c111ul· l ear l.11 0ugh ~- re , I t1 i n k
v<..: 1:.1.n.: 1t:.; • 11,'-'. I.he wo r d c;n: r c.: i.:; • r;J.l.l 1c r· l" t ·c ly he n~ in n o n u n o n lay
:~en:;<.: , und :11,i;o..i11 1.l1e r. pcri.m•n1. he r· (• :L: ; i.L wa~: dcs i gnc w-a,; no t
11<..:c .:::Jar L .V - u wo.rk (;LJ.Jl~tc i Ly or u wnrh hear t cupacl 1..y te s I s
110L 1.1. thi n1'. dc:1i 1'. n'd Lu pr vide Lb· cre w witli an extensive amoun o
Relt 13 5
c1xC;lrc i :;e , a11d I U, ink - I r;uei;:: bC('.:.1.u:;r, - you probably -~ might have
1-~1tc:;:;(•1 l be l1n<i 1:2.1,01iL 60 pt~!L:; l,haL yr, u were rc :flly heaU.ng yourself
11p a llLtl c t,it, wider Uios<:: condit ion s .
We ll, I made the c orn.men-L that 50 was k ind o f Lr-Lvi al.
Hight.
'then I said Go warmed me up in the :;ui L more than I would h ave liked
t.o Jta.ve !Jeen, I was kind 01' wHrm mos L of the Llmc a nyhow, and it just
mt1.de me a 1 i Ulc WFlrmer . So j L wa:;n ' I. a r e al big e x ercise workload ,
l.!1c k i nd ol' cxercl:,c that. you would uo over ir1 Lhe gym.
HLe;hl,. I L!1lr1k Lho.t, s<.>m<: pcoJoJe j1 1sl, :~<)!, a miscon ception of this
Lld.ng - thi:; exer cl:;cr - Lti<:: J'act tl11..1.t. we call .i.t, that that we use
l.l1e word exer cise , Uw.L we should u~<:: Ltie proper pros:pective
here, what ac Luti.11.Y was Laking plu<:c, wr,ich j s u very short spurts
ol' energy expenditur es; yes, l:Jut not, exerc ise lik e in a gym or
a real good workout, oi' ti.ny Lype .
Do you fee l Llw.L the ventilation in the s uit was ade quate?
I did, but Lhere again, i t was adequate; but marginal. You couldn ' t
do u. lot, or cx:c r ci:;e, .vo11 w0t 1ld r~el , a tie:.1.t l oad . As n. matter of f act,
wl1cn 1•:<1 wn:; cxcr-c·i:.: lng i t lo!.. f co1 1 ld :LcLually reel tl1c heat going
1q, !11Ln m,y ::idc ,,t· L1 1e :; 11i.l. u..l:;o . /\rnl 1,:,t hall,, - Ed i'clL w:ir mer
l.111rn I di,d ul I during tl1e f 'J i1.':f1L.
I think you itrc u w1J.r e L11nL .vo11 l!ad Lljl'fci-ent Lt'mperat11res on our suits ..
Wlii. c 11 wi lJ lic.l.J> ,:x:plu.:i.n I.he di l'f'erent-v Ln th() rcelings as far as the
<·11vi.ru11.men\,.
IJow co1!1u. .Y<ll1 J'el.!.l. Ll1e l10u.L whc.m he cx:eccisecl'!
Well, i L i:; it clos, •d loop. '!'here are Lwo brancl1es to the loop.
...
Belt 13 6
l3u.L L:1e hot, air went o t , went. through a bunc. of c ontrap tion s
un eventua.l ly <~a.me a ck into both of our su its again , same way that
mine d.id . H di dn ' t have a c lo se loop for himself only, and I had
t.i.nothe r clo ce d loori . We had u clo.s d loop t h.1t was closed - but we
wr;re f,f~r.1, u I" t, h t; 31'1-me mi ,di u.n :i ·u.l \.lfl j , , so thuL 1mytim t l e air temp -
1 • 1· 1J. L,ir·c: wenL up 1.11 L11
hr.;i,1, L 1.0 •t or 'Wli<:: Lite r .[ w .ld ,<J the 11,:u l, tu • t i. t. wcni. nc ros s ·he
lieut C::xc ange r u d i t was onl.v takjng out so m1 h of the heat , so
.it essentially i t came .in a liLtle h.i.r.rhe r tempe r atur e than i t would
have i f he wasn ' t exe rc ising . So , you can notic these small temp
~ r ature change s .
Wtts Lh ' no j t : - level assoclut d wi tt, the c old u. i.r through the ....
I Lllink SO , yes ,
l' r·ob11hl,v no , IJuL [ Lhink .oroJal,ly .v01 1r 110i s e .in .vour · nte r com was -
·r - wns s o mucl1 rn0.r Limn L111J..L y(/ 11 pr· li abJy didn ' t even n ot · ce i t
IJ..!:i mu.It llS y,)H had .
You e;cL u s e Lo .i.L . J'u t. llke flying Lh · p3__:; you ge l somebody i n
ie re Lhat is noL used Lo Lhe hot m11.k si.L tine; in then. i t p robably
e;ct s ri r etty h,j cLiona, ~Lc i.ri 1.l. shor L pe r i od 01' Li.me , but whe n you
:.1. r e usc1 Lo Lilul. , 1_,1,l' Le r a Jicr· i. od or· L im , yo11 .u1 w there is a noi se,
l l11f, yt.ti know wh:LI. i.l. j,s and y u1 J e:11i1 p11l. i.t away . I t.1i · nk another
1•1-1•n · i :;c r·, l11r!. I.Ill' dt,;J i r•,. I.,, <I, , 1. l.l1t1111-'.ilL t!H·L·c was a Jccr 1;asing
I di cl wlta.L I I did ,,If ) I ,,irn11t ' r ing tL L'c>i ind tl1e in s i e of
l.!11; :: 11:u.:0<· t·1,.J'I . 11rn11,t:<i:.;::ar· i t .v . /\s 1·:u· il:..; the w,1rkloa i s conc erned .
J ,Ju11 1 I, IU l( l\-1 wlH•l .!1 f;(' Ll1i:J i:; ."L e;etl i11;'. I. ired [l l'\,) CSS , c) r' 1,o the l ack
::11.rne r, -,: I i 111•. .
Lli <l _y,>1 1r fr :1.i.k 1:ll:c-Lri c :;Lul,lc; <: h ur,~<: wurked un e lectron and magno
meter we d'dn ' t get any performance at all on those three .
Firs t f r om an instrume ntation s tandpoint , we had - the switches
were accept · l'>le even o me, I thought E wa s asle ep when we had
Lo ttu:·n Lh o:;l: 1.ltin/-'.S on , I hucl Lo r 0.ar.: r1 ac r oss 1.,ri.th this thing we
<·u.11 Ile swiv l sl,ick wl1 i d1 · o abo1 tl, Lhis lone:; 1;,,nd has an un sually
::.l1aped end on iL Lhut we OLtld r at: 11 1rntler t he switches and flick
Lhem 11 and off wi.L h iL .
di cl ym1 ::; e Lhe ... ... . exl,enrl'(
No .
LL wa :;1 1' L ex.I. nded?
No , • t, ,msn ' t. ex Lende
IJ i.d yo1, ever ~ e tllc Lh lJO.t:k encl, i y ou ge t far enough back
Lo get Lo look in deep enough Lo s~ c it?
No .
Di you h e ar it extend'?
J\lo . I ex tended l t I.he l 'i r s L Lime l n,t I really- clld.n ' t see it .
'I'! 1rot e;I Hrnt I.I 1 , r Li.1:'.I 1L wl ,a L - w(-.. pru mlJJ y - wl 1a L did i L ycle the r e ,
:d,1Ju I. 'J Linu;:.; .
, /11:;I. i 1, c: u '..:<: l.hu.l. IJ,I1.,.yorn) !,jm • t. h r<· 1,: ~:.; ~ome\ .11 in y wr n s 1.,ri th • .
w•>1J ld 11' t, exl.«:11<.l , wu 1il d _yu11 :~ 1. 1.,•rnpL l.u , ·xi.end ii Going .l rough the
1·;,t., ;11<1 r; _yr.;I,· ali<>11I. 11 or· ', Lime:· <1 11r·i111'. I.li e f li;·:111. ,
.1 11: : L i11 c· 1J.::,· :: ,>1m·l. l 1i1 1~'. w:L:.; w ,· 111111'. w ii.11 it. at n.11.v l)B Lim th:.1.t l t
111ii-'.l1L 1-'. ' :I. <nil. I.> i I. . w, - r v vc· t· r ·Lra · l.(:tl i t , ::;u , i if wor s , h en
rttil.11 i 11;-'. ·01 1 I <I l,1,v,: Ji; tpJ >( •11e <I .
v.Jl1 •11 did _yu Ir l.11 n I Ll1c t;w i 1.ci1 11 1· I'? 'l'l ll ' . . . . . . . . . ··w i.tcli .
8
/\s soo .-1 as j L w:.: exter ded after ul1ouL jO secor s or so . What ever
i L sa i.t in Lhe ·1 • ght .
jO se conds .
Have you g ot uny data buck on it y et ?
;;e;v n <>n hr.: c:ornpu L r .
/\ny ul.l1e r q,H:~t. i 1m:; on l.110::: U1 r e ··r
Wl iat wus U 1' c:o:.: 1. o i" Uie ph o ogruJ1liy ·r 'J'Jie Wt;:.i.Lhe r and mar· ne
pl1oto1-~raphy .
o· . you skip M C- 10?
Okay 10 .
I wou d like to say we g ot some good picLure s und I appreciate i t .
'!'here again , ll. w-u a pretty traiglil. fo rward experiment . We didn ' t
lmve any i L"i"i.culty ~ri th iL .
T ' ve P,OL a cou-p.l of q11e:.; L.i nc abo11L Lile FJS5 . I\ couple of things
thaL u.me up llli.; L night.. . You sa..i.d - .vnu know Llie sys t ma tic photo -
graphy aero::.: :; Ll1" lfnltc<l ~LateG , cvcr.v '..> sec on s , how cli you t ime
that?
Count , or c:lock or how .
J. s a r t.e i.t1' t'V nt. Um r wi L!i Lhe ili1~i Lal Jock tha we got in
mL u t:· · uwl :.:e ·u11 ::; , fi.nd L 1e11 J cor1Lr,,1..Lcd s pu. c raft o.n · then I
I :;<•t• , 1J.11 J•:d ,· riink •d LIii · cnJr1 · r u. 111 at)( l took I It -' pi c tt r
llid 1.11<~ :;wn,· :rn l, .i•t;L , du _y t'lll l.l 1in k 1.l1u.l, one man could o thi s by
lii rm;(; I 1·. 'l'l,is 1. : iinpu t·l.nnl. l.,l .!\(' t'I i:~l1L pl ar1 , li O y ou th ink i t
l,1ik ·:: ll<il,h frl/!rt l..i du i I. ·t
L Lhir 1k so ; i L wou l cl lJ • v c; ry t1 · (• fjc-1tLL o time -jt, and '"'ontrol t he
:;p: 1.('(•c · n _1,f"1. :1.:: yu, 1 Luke I.lit- pi.<· l.11r • :; .
,.. ,.,
Belt 13 9
I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think
.hat you could get the same set that you got . The set we lostin
lhe southe r n [JarL o • Mexico , :): beb.eve I did one time when Jim was
b.S.leep , but it was not near l y as long a pe ri od and I think it
was onJy 1>roliabl,f about 12 p.icLure s . 'l'hl s i s shorter :p iece, but
tt,e c1.1untry i.sn ' t v ry Jung .
Yes .
W•11, w-ere focusing it u,en Ed .
Yeah , ( j us l, wan led t o get l L till :.;et up aheo.d of time, and by the
t.i. me we pas:c:ed t he re we <lid.n ' t chang l t, a grcaL deal. But on the
pass that we made a cross Lh Unit e d ~Late s, iL wo.s , I think, most
pre cis ely held. straight own and w-r: . went much longer p eriod of
time and there were contr ols that were made, and to sit t here and
1' .. ddle v1' th the controller and time yo urself and turn the camera
and take the pi lure , you can ' t., do it, as exac.: L 1::1.s you c an . •
Okay 1 w· 1 L -µu L Lh1 LL in as a l':Lrrnat tve reque .~t f' or my e xperiment
if at all pv:,sj l>J c , ltave boLlJ p i lot.:; on the joli .
l•'(ir niw of .v011r :ieq1, nee ricl.ures .
Y1:ul1 . 'l'h c;>S<; 0Ll1;e vrie.s, L/1e ta.r g !. ..... .. .
l•:nrl 01' !Jc] I. .
- ..
Belt 14
o . K ., I ' m ,~c,ing o pu Lhat . . .. udrlrer;c p refer request for my experi
rmmt if Lht1.L i:,; f..t.L :.:1ll po:i'' i.ble to hl:I.V(; uoth pilots on he job for
any of your ~eq ence pictures .
Another one' s Target of Oppor unities i f you on ' t nee the cont rols ••• • •
....... . . . . t.be one::: I.ha we ' ve got you w ren' L all s ro.igh ene d o t ••••••••••
. . . . . you on ' L nee: ':;r:a r i I .Y f>u:;:: CN<: t I.It m y uu know .
'l'l 1 1.t1ing l.!le,y w nt. Lo Luk.~ fL T>i.t; II r o[' iz ov'r her· iL ' s best Lo
Lake a picl.ur, .
You guys cerLa.inly hu.v• your eyec upen buy s11me of those things --
l.hut volca11 shot \..hat re:;hoL sl..r11r.: u re espc<· i.u. ly , \..ha ' s r eally
going Lo give u:; L 1e miJ •age .
Could you make a comment, ,just. on the gene ral :; .u.billty of the
:;p cecraf't .. .. ... . .. pulsing und you ::toppe<l once , and you were wait -
jng ; how l ong djd 11. take for r ter: l,o build 11p , for instance , how
I on.g co ld 1:.1. (' Llow co n t. on 101:1ybe p,1 l l j ng p o:;ition n gen ral?
Whoev r go . h r t.c:; :;Lopp d l ' ~uy i I, ta _:.; him a 1;ouple of ays
ror him toge ::1.ar-L·d . There ' s n(JLhi11{~ to make them i,?;O except that
r u l.al.ine; rn:u·liinc•1·y wl1\t ;l1 i:: p 1·neUr·1Ll l,y nil • •• • •
l\t 1l. yn11 11, v1• l.o n'1111·tnlh· 1·, I.Ii, >111-~I• , :t: : _y,>11 get• .v, 11r rat. •• :1.11 stopped
,vo1i ' r · in(;r-t. i1Llly l'ix.'cl u1<l l11<: Ll1i11(' ' :... rota .i n~"; 1m erne .h yo so
.vuu. ' r r L :: t<.rpp<·d w i Ui Lh • r e:: pr.::c I. l.lt:-1.L wha • y~,u wan • •••
l•'o rt..v llcgrc..::; Jl r rni nu!. . ... Jtt:1 · :.; ·<•1) 11d .
in l.l 1: ~:atn· v•in , r!o you noLic<' 1rn.v rc:Lc:l.ive m,,l,ion i . he space -
1· r 'L wh rn y u ' r :i it:·· de , wl\ 'll you <l i..; Lur i L , when y ou move aro nd
1d, n. l l'
I , ·,Hild t'<'•·I 1,:c1 111,,virl{J, a1 ·nu11il , l 11il 1-1l1<'l.i1c1· L r,~l it. 1 ving aro n
l5elt 14 2
a:; .... \i cau ::e was acLually oving Lhe spa u: raft or whether I
1'elI, L '-' moving ar oun cc:t.use he Wu'.; ti umping it , either tha , now I
.idn ' move you r eally, Jut I ' m s,lrC! that you quite fe l t some ( stabl e?) ,
., I don ' t lm ow whether it was tha t kind of a ,hing I was fee l ing
<> r wh t.t1e .r· l t, wan the :q 11i.·ee r1J.l'I, e l 'l'c! c· ts . I don ' t •••••••
Y, >11 cJ u 11' l, l,1 : nd Lo . . . . . . _y n1 1 don 't, l. 1 ·11d I.,; 1.i <;l~ 11p Lhe:.;1 ' motion~
l'l'Um 1.11\~ ::Jl l( ' (.;CJ'llf ' \. • • •••
rcrnc111b •r :;eve r ,'il Lim<•:; wh •fl I kicke d into tl111 !'ootw IL thu.t you
111intioned ; you co, .LrJ heu. l' that , buL J ' w ~ur e 1.tnJ.t wa~ ,just :.;orne
i.,h ' ng ,ha t he heard , a nd tbat I d i dn ' I, r ,. ally < i. stu r Lhe motion of
,he s a ce c r aft .
Wl1F.1.t u.!Joll Lh • ext rnal ly ..... I mea 11 coul d y ou cli s tur b •••••
I :;u r·c wu,r. .
I. kn •w l,h • t,j in :: whcri , 1vhen J k.i.ck ed off
l\u L I u. l:rn lo w w i \, l,oo .
l111 r- d 011 I.he :;pac: c·1•1:J.i't , :·o I ... and U1i:; was t1 1,~ t.i mes l,hat I wanted
· 11d o f' Lh utLc r , and U1at wus th
L<l i.i; L all I.lie \o/H.Y \lit, l.o 1.11
Lirnc 1.LaL ,Jim r em: trk(: ., one Lime w !1t! 11 J. r ealJ.v 1,1md1e off it har ,
: ,.nd wlw rt 1; ::u. i d , " 11,-y , _yDu '1 ·t : p11t.l.i11/': cu. e ,q · .wo d ~,:r ~e er
::,:c ·ond <) rt U 11' ·:p!'.LC<•erl:l. 1'1, . "
'l'I 1<·n I ,:ull I,\ r' 'IJ(I I, tC •••••••
w 1L:: , wl1L:t 1, .vrn 1 1"1u w , 1vlt1'J1 .vo1 1' r'C' ::;i l.l i 111~ ut.. ,)n the en 01
l,lw 11"::c , 1u1cl .v n1 1 l\i<'k ,t,, wn <111 il,
!'.e Li.. 14
::1,u.c •r:ral'L . . . . . . . . . .
l ucer , uh , t.ran::; ation of bigge r p':.rcentage t.ha.n mine wa s ..... . . .
' Caus y ou ' r only t rans J atine; y our .. . ....... .
. . . . . . ne ed :;ome pictur es , si r .
llc , wh 1L ?
. . ... Di you ju · t. fix yu11r::;,JJ' in one po::jtinr1 ... .. ?
I 1~::c:<1 p r o-pu r Liona.lly 01 · Lhc..: l'1Jel l.!1ul, J use ,1 , Jlr'Obabl.v , three quar
L<; r ~_; or i.L Lra.n:d.1.Li.ne in 1LLJOut a L'or!.h or ii, ju st in the pitch an d
yu.w maneuver:; t.lia L we r e mu.de 1:tnd l d i_1in ' t try Lo tak e out r oll .....
un I cli.d.n ' t really (put in ) very mt1c:l1 roll ; one t ime I c a lle d -- I
c· lle out roll on my tape a cou.pl<.: ol' Li.me s but pi tc 1 • . • • •
Cu ld you .... <lid yo11 lm e s t,a.nt. i..ho11gh L11at wh an he di these pitch
and ya w ma ne v r:; h warai ' i., t r ying f, o Lrans l ate , he wa:3 actua lly
monr_;Lrfl.Ling Ltiat Lh.i:: r;ould be done?
Y<.::ut1 , al) 1 did wu: piL<;l1 c1 l i!.t.:l e Iii.I. r) c y aw :1 1. · ttle hit , y aw ,
d1i n JiLI.JP 01 · Lh i :: Ly-p<.: of m:rnc1ivc r·:: wil.h i t. , :ind to see i l I could
: :1.01) iL and p1J1 . i11 jn :;...i .!1al. -1 did11 1 I. p11L a.JI I.he mo ion s i.n too .
:;., iL w1J.::;n ' 1. l.r·1it.v , -1 :;<...::' wl11.1.I. Sim ' :; dr:-iving a1. . .. tha you don't
1-1:1.nl, 1.0 :;n,v Lla.1.I. Lu Lr un:.: Lu. .c f' roni po i.111. A t t i ll i s hrce qus.r ers
i11 Lr 1,.n:;Je1.1.iun :Lnd ;.1, quarl.cr in al.l.i[.11rl: . 'L'l\aL ' s whu . ym were
Yc : al1 .
ll l' m,y 1'11c ( i.11:d . c·,J.r-r.Y i 11 I.lie 1,;1nI I pn1bably u ·c thre quar ters in
I. 1·:u1:: I :ti , i_u1 1 ,,111 I a q1mr I.< ' r· in :-1.l. Li l.1J1 le , lli1 L yP t t Jon ' t. need ve r y mu h
4
111 at. I. ·. ,udt: . Ont: 1, • me I 1J,uL pl ~<.:bt;•J c,v(;r bacv.wards and I did use
1.,ne g n Lo La. e r,riat out , beca se I j st didn' t want to use the oxy-
ge n .
One more qu ·ck ques ion : . .... some of the ( numbers ? members ?) say
t..lJaL you were movin , the :;tr u Lure about in a one - side configuration ••••••
LL ' ::; _prett y big , but it. ve .Y well ht.1.~, Lo be wl thin y our work area--
.:rou know, • r1 your :,;ui t, you ' r e ra ther restric t,ed on whe r e y ou reach
you don ' t r ,, ci.Cb IJIH.lcrnet:t.Lh and behind _you especially, but out n
rronL- ·r e. guy would ' v~ iluudt:n me ~~om - thi ng hat ' s i g , I coul ' ve
ll t.ld ii., .
'1'<..m Lwenty ft:: e t, .....
'!'en , right , Len .. . ..................... 'l'en by Len sec j ons •• ••• ••
Wai t, n ow wait a minute, we ' r e talking about Gma.ller tings right
no w- .
•r n y ten what? ........ Mov·ng where ? lJo whuL with iL ?
1 cuu l cln ' L inove i 1., 1.n -j nch , l,e aus ! l won dn ' L have anything to •••
how w,>uld J move i.1.'? J ' de Lhe 01.l1cr way ii' 1 mov ed ·· t t Ls way •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I'ropu I :; .Lon .. .•• (:q,ia.J '?
,~•> , I dor ' t. 1,tiinl, .!1i:; i:, 11:; , ii,'::; 1i1ll. wl\aL w,· w re ien.-ns ra 'ng
w i Ll1 i I, ....
v,:u.!1 . 1 8C•~ ,,,11:1.I. ,Y<lll 1 r· c i11L,·n!::.;Le.t ill .
<111• t.hing ,Y lH J 1~ot.\.1), l,c , ·1H ·,•1'1tl o r. • •
Y<->U 1~uL a · 'nLer ul' gruvit.V L11:.1.t its hing y ou 'r talking ab out ,
j•,,: 11, 14
.r<:;a ly v ry ,1<"· I. I gr~ L pr 'I, Ly cl.ose .
1 knew wh er mine was .
These t hing~ , these things ar e weightless up there but they're not
ha:;kets thaL fly away , one y ou get tlle ·e th ings goin , y ou gott a
:; .op Lhem 1.wain i. l' you :; L:irLed pu:;r i. 11~ , if you had a • •• some me· ns
,1t' p r OJJOI'Ul>n , you ' ve f~oL :;omcLhirw I ilH: the :;i.des of Lhis able
KO ·ne,, 1.1.n il' ' L l, i L Lhn.t. wall O Wll Lh1! r <; , i L ' c..l. go r ight through
i L.
'l 'h.i s i~ tl'lc gen ra I flU ::; I.ion .I ' m 1(;1J.n i ng t : 1~ i t , wel , I ' m try-
ing to get i L . .. wiLh the i~tjncLion -t,110.t yo u can u se i t ••••• aut o-
matic tape cl.a.bi.liz.a tion ..••.••
You ' d have t.hc :.;rune pro l m wi h automatic s tabilization t hat y ou
would . . . . . "ure .
But wi.Ll:1 aut.owa U c stauilization you mlght , i t would set down in
I' i.ne ( re i; • s Lune: ' Lo ) t he mo Lion wher wj th tlYi :: thing you would.n' t •••
w iLh n g1U1 _y o11, prolHl.bJy , wo11L ll yo11 kn<M , ho w Lo find , you ' ve gotta
[' i llli ..... . . , .
Y1>11 111(•11.11 , .Y"" !1av,: l.q l 'i 111L y,HH" 11.ut.0mal. i e stalii lization s soon as
y()u ' v,· held un Lt a I, n hy Len box , i L wo 1 s L· bilize you and i t
t.00 ·1
~n _, for Li1 , i. t wOL ld s tar f' ring
W•lJ , i 1' y,111 <:ou.l cl :.; t • .I I hol cJ on
Lh t:l.:.1.Ji.]i'I. r· .
Ul1 a1J wil.ltin limil.:; ul ' Li:; conLroJ • • • • ••
Y,:tt.ll , [ Ll1i111<. ,VOii would !'i nd , )11l. Ll1;d . iL wasn ' L esig.ed to do that .
::,•(.; , j I' ,Y )II l11.1.d It :: _y:.:;L<'lll l,11:1.L W u]d :;l. t· av ,o y,) L •••
Y(Ht hwl 1..1. ::ys1,1~u, 1.111,.t Wu. :; :;L rappc~ Lo you ttai..
11:.1.d automat ic ··i.,.abil.izat •on and t r anslation of a pe r son , well ,
than you ' v e got the whole of a box or something that you were hold-
ing whe n you we r e down in one c orner of it . I ' m s u r e that y ou woul d ' nt
buve engouth stabili:L.atlon con\..rol author i ty o handle the t r ansla tion
,1(' ·oml:thi n~~ like that , be<:au1c;e yo u ' re putting your engi ne ...
Well it d epe nds on his mu:; s . Ag aLn you said it ' s mas . If it
were magnes.i.um bonds or ~ometbing , then .............. .
I think we ' re asking ..... .
Y(::ah , well .r know what we ' re tu k.in g il;o ut -- we ' re talking about
l,u ild Lng a i;pa e s \..a.t on . I ' m as rinx.Lous to do th a t us Lhe next guy ,
h \.. \..h i<.: isn ' t qui Le wha\.. we looked into . I H.p-pr e c iaLc y ou r quest i on ;
we ce r t ainly have Lo fact up to lL. ...... .
On- sta.bilizat · on , uh , su pose you were t rying to take of ( both pic
\..ur es ) on Gemini , compared to Me r cury ....•
Wou1 · i t take you what?
"uppo c, e you Lry to Lake one photo -pic\..ure of t he star , say thr ee stars ,
uh , w at do you th i.nk y our s nsi.t i vity i n terms of an,,;ular accur acy
wou d be for ··a.v , L n s •c0nds or I.hr ~e secondr; focus, ngular - wise
l,uL (wh o ) Luo k pic;l,tir - :~ n 1.' t.h _ ho j:;,on n.nd ... . .. change s ··our degrees
1,t: r :;(acond .
Ol1 , c ,1er. 1.l1n.L ...... l.u UH~ d ,Y• ~ll 1,a I I lh)n'?
W, ·11 , iL ' :: 1i vr; r-y ::pc(: i:d qu c:::t. i u 1 vn p:c nerul i:c.ntion , you know,
_y ou ' r· , muv i rt/.~ ar·o und , l1u-w c· 1J.1\ y ou , c:u.i 1 you C-ut!rl\..erac the motion
un U111 vc l1i<'J · , 1·or 1n::Lanc' , Ll1e Ccrn.i.ni ca11:;ule .... to t ake stabilizer •••
Ycu.h , yo 11' d liu.ve Lo , i 1· y ,H 1 W'a nt \..1) t:onrpa1·e i with Mercuey s 1.bilizer,
Belt 14 7
you have to Go back and get moment of impulse of the control system,
then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then
do the same with the Gemini ....
No , in this case he ' d be moving a camer a .
Pardon?
Move Lhe camera to control the angle .
Do you jnst hold it?
You hold it, yeah . We could take them as well as you could in Mer
cury, 1:i.ccording to how stable Lhey tie it .
lt/ s quite pos:.;ible that you couJ.d stabili ze the spacecraft better
than you could stabilize Lhe . . . . .
Yeah , can you get that in the spacecraft . . ... . Thank you .
Uh- huh .
I would (use ) the spacecraft to stabilize it ... to hold it out the
window, kinda hold i t out the wondow, you have to, you don ' t have
lo move the stabilizer .
The spacecraft is moving, that means that you 've gotta , you have to
move your hand al the , an opposite rate, or the opposite direction,
L.lie :rn.me t·at.e thal the ::.;pucecrafl 1::.; moving , I don ' t think that you·
w.1.nl t.,,i do Lfltd, , l>CCt.t.USC yrnl ' ve 1;;0L U stab i liY.er thing in your
111-.1.nd lioldl n1.( it,, what, you \vould p rubauly do is brace your hand up
f.t.ga:i.n:; L U1e s.i.de of the ::.;pE1.c:ecraft lin<i take the p i ctur e , then you' re
going to get . . . . . .. .
Yeah, you sec we've got a site on the spacecraft ( bl astoff ) that has
a rud.ical Uw.t you ' :re go.i.nµ; to light i 'or night so with the minimum
im._p11J:;e Lim!. we have in Lhe spacec:rart , we could fix it on a star ,
Belt 14 8
and g ~L a i' ixcd u.tLHude sLabili zecJ i n Lh is mo.nner . It would p r o
bably be r athe r ... .. (uns table? )
• have the fe eling it would be very stable . ome of our section
:;iting ov er the re par t icularly whe n we were wor k ing on the Apoll o
:3 l ting , where I wus ke eri • ng u. ce rtain fi xed t wo star s on a ertai n
l1J(:a Li.o on m.v w!rulnw :J.nd .Ji m ;J u 0t. clo.i.np; i "v<·i · t h<'t' with pul es •••••
111; tHcJ11 ' t, t11.1vc; Lhe c11<.1 i ·:.il orI • •••
Ile h u<l the ra i ca) o n . On y e ah .
. ..... .. ... . . You we re well wi th in :i degree t aking a fe w minutes
of oxyg en . You can hold it wl thln u d - g ree or a quarter of a degree .
Yo can g e t the e xact answer to th.i.s if you just analytically ••••
Do you have the data?
N0 , I can ' t, qt1ot .i. L to y ou of'f - han IL ' s not i n the orde r of h un -
c.:0m.J..
My 0vc a.Ll j mpr ,s ::;iun wn.:; t.ha.L w W(; l.' <..: mor e :_; t.,.1.lJle thaL I thought
we wou.J. b • when we: warJt cd to stab.i I .i. zc .
. _ . . Wt: ' ve luoked flt our agenda here, u.nd it I s got some ge neral quest ions
i.n the end , ~et, l:l. good si..u.b"ili:.::ation ::;tudy go i.ne; ••••
'l'hu.t ' :; i'in e 1-1ere Lher ,.my more qu estions on the terrain photography?
I ' ve r~o L a question . Can u fr.:llow, y u \mow look a:L he movies a n
.:, ,c; "if wt ~ ~ot any Lc rr .l.i.ri 0 11 Llt·re '{
rnaLLc·r· 01 · f:.t.l · L, T c oL til e i.mpres s io ti J'rom w,1::t.· y ou howe
a .; y •;; l.<~ r ua.v 1lfl.L• i ·rn)un , Llw.l. Ll 1t •re ' ;, qui ·e a hj L of t r a in .
/\JL< n.l :.:n snm • u I' I.lit• )'J - 111 i) J i lllL L<.: I'.' I' i Im::; .
J:<: It J.4 9
ol' tlic j'.)- nti JlimeLc r'?
Uh , yeah ,
ost of them are I think, blocked , becaus e we have to be over the
water, but, if I ' m not m· staken , on the lit tle bit I just caught a
J o ok, i,here migt1 t, be some land bnnd ~ .
Oh , y e:; , ., ,J. muL Le c of tad, you r; t Lhree or four uh , t hey ' re
Loward l,he end of that box of 55 - mill · mete r s.l i.de s . Ii, s hows spe c ular
:; Lr c1.11r<c:s probu'uly, tt1ey w !:tCn ' t L:.Lk.1..m outs ide they we re over
/\i:;iu :.:omewhe r buL they were reaJ.ly n .i<.:e . Those definitely should
l,c blown up cJ.lso the mov le s .
We id uk a lot of movies of the clouds .
~r~ di just, a couple of t imes , just turn the thing on . We were n ' t
e;o · ng to tak movies a r o n us of Lhings that we re st ill , and
1-run ed - to get, a ig s Lrue; Lure of' L 1e . • • • • • area so I took some over
Ll1e }!ac lfir. , on i,hc - up over the northern Pacific between Hawaii
m the UniL d ''L:\.te..: , abou L 5 , '4, o '.> minute8 .
We took a lot of ocelill movie · .•••
Was there ever any qt.1e ::;Lion in your mind as to wh ether or not you
we r e look ing nt elouds , did you always ge t •••••
I )ityl :i (J;tl L.
IJn_vl i gtiL o.ntl rdgltLLi..mc .
tl:iy.l i.gl1L , I.here .is 11ev ·r :w,y dotd.> L .
/\L ni1~l1L l,imc; il. i :J .k ' rnl 1,1." l1ani t.,l ~;,:' the t~r,iund .
u 11, q1w:.;l. i.,,J1 r .r u1,1 t.lw pi <:L1 1n•:;, .i.t. djd noL U.FJlcH • o be! Loo g r ound
!111L w<· r c _yu11 uik Lo t,e con:.:l· i.ou:: \> I" ti11zc or u$t l aye , say over
_you.i:· , e~c r t.:; or even ovcr pol..l u ,iort arco.s or 1,; j ie s and so f o rth .
W< •re you. con:;civus 01 · r: •c inp; Ll1e i1 1du:;tr-i.al pullution or the dust?
..
Belt 14 10
Ove r or t h Arica a couple of times we comme nted on dust storms,
although they weren ' t r eally dust storms ?
We weren 't s re that was a dust storm, right . Remember I sai d that
is a ........ , and then we said well maybe not .
It wasn ' t a <lust storm us you woul<l see it from an air pl ane whe re you
·cc the wind J.ow· ng on or prior to the <leseri. .
I.Je et: i. ed i. t, wasn ' t u. .u s t storm, j u:,;i a dusty haze .
Ovt.:r N r th /\1'ri a .
Ovt;; .t Nnr h Af"ri cu . Over no1·th Indi u. Lt1<::re wu::; quite a pronounced
lin..:;e r edor ed .
l wo ld wa y y ou we r e , far le s s con:;c j_uu::; of i t.. In fa ct , a r ather
interesting thing , it ' s - on one of our fi rs t pus ses over the Cape
I was looking on talking to the Cape at that time , I told t 1em
I could look own and see the Cape, launch pads and everyth ing was
quite clear . But in fact the weathe r own th re was not clear at
till. Some of the i 'ell ows wer e leav.ing at t hat.. Lime to g o back to
lk>uston , k ml t,he vi.::;l bility was ver,y, very lo1v . You c ould se e a mile
p r• s0rn, ;Lhin1-: 1t11d j _l. wu.; aLJ qu · t; •••• •
W,· c;u11.l< l :;L, ::Lr-ai.gl1L d< wn l1til. we r-,1 1iJdn ' t see Lhe hangove r at all .
J\1101.h ·r- qut:::l,iu 1, di.d y 1lu eve r - Gor 011 C oper m,te tho: the r e
w:t :.; <•La Li ,,n hj:~ :radio l.he s11me Ljrnc when he saw ligh ~ening di~
cliur ge on t11 g r ound . f!.:l.(i you - jll you get any stati~ that you might
!,ave co rre lu.L ,a wiLh b .i ng near di:;Lurbc weather on the gr ound .
'l'fli. s i:..; ort of a chanc: ot.rnerva.tion if you made it .
N , J rlon ' t Lhink I did .
N(l 1 d.irl.n ' L u i I.her . We wa .. :1. lot i1 1 i.ghten-· ng .
W, • - •tJ • had 11<, •• .
,,l ., .
J!cll. l '
No , I wou.LrJ.ri ' t :.:,1~y th1:;. t I d u . .
• I ~uc s s y ou would call i t but y ou c ouldn ' t . . . it did n "t
. t a ny r ate .
Did y ou notice t h e . . with t he fla sh i f 1 •p_; htni ng . . . .
'rhe r wuc nn a wf1Jl lot of light ninc;
f;urc w.1s , . ,outh fl!n ri r~ •'l.ncl .
/\.ny more covcrag . on t l 1c wa.t(: p 1oto1--~r·u.phy 'l
Y<';; on atmosp }1crlc- ph ,nomenu . . . Did you eel us t hou gh you would
l,a ve Lj me to study t h m i.n" t rwneni..r.1.lly' I mean f rom the t i me that they come
into vj ew until they pass out of v:i c w·t Did y ou g o t hrough the e xercise
with the i nstrument - l et ' s say a hand- held spec trome ter or . . . .
Di I phra se the question'!
I think so . . . . . . but I ' m not s ure of t he
d ration thc:1.t your s tudic" r-equi r e .
Tho.t ' s m._y probl m - I wu t r ying to p;ct some re 1 as to the d uration
!:bat y ou hncl nome t;l1j ne; ln 'i{-~h t .
. wl1l: n ~ y ou ' d f ly a l ong in r egard
l.<, wlluL th w Ll1t t · wa:-: :tncl you ' d :;1t y 0 . K. , :LI. '..> minute s a ter e leven
I ' 111 F~orna cl, i 11 i.;p ct romc tc.r- r; tud,y 1Ln<t Lhen y ou ' d set the thing p and
Ht'..; minut •i; ur1;,r· 1 1 .vou w uJtl ... l,:1.rt jt o r jg i t s omc thi11" where you
W< >u.lcJ :;:1.y . that ' s been rep o t ed to
·1,,, ;~> rnil., 11or·i..l 1 or· Trj _
p :iol i - I ' m 1~oinr; to st-.tuty . . . . which o f t hese
l./1 in{-'.:: ur· • . . . . .
Be:lt 1 5 2
I ri lookln(.~ :·(, r ,,1 ,,J(• 1· UJ (Jrj Lh<; v. r oimrl 1,.nd t hinr.i;,; like 1,h1;1.t you ju ct don ' t
l'jnd Lh ·rn '..,,00 rn .l.lcr: iri fronL o yo u .
1/ow a out comething in the sense or a targe t, of opp o rtunity '? You see i t
with out ad v n ea warni ng .
I woul think y Oli ' cl hav • or, Lhc ordc.:r o a minute or 80 seconds maybe to
,. tudy i t i C you have y ou ( cq11ip mcnt ) al: eady mi ea ged. i f you want ed to
I ook at i t y ou ' v' got to a im the SJ)/l('r:r: r af't as i t, s ay .
A ·min£~ the :;pnc c.r.:Lf't ~!t-. it s not ,lj l'I :ic ult . If' you've got a field to do
j y ou can truck ,·tght on I! point.. II' y ou ~Hy a t h unclcrs torrn, say, off to
your lef t, you could mn.neuvcr th cp acec raft u r ound t here and just ke ep
pointing at i t as i t we n t by.
About h ow many mi.lcs would 60 secons - 8 0 s ec onds
We] 1 of cou sc 2~ 0 down . • •• ' o cl own -
II-.J
'l'hat ' ... about 80 ::;cc·onds .
'r h:it ' s 80 secont1"" rou• hly .
'J. hfJ. t ' . right . Fu the (norm1tl) 11J l;.it1 1t ('
·1 ' vc f~oL n w-l1ult · :; c•t ol' claLa ii' _yu 11 w:t1 1l. i t l'or va ious a l t i tudes on just
Yo 1 ' v • r;rovjtJ.cd t ·rniug h-
/Incl J thin}. ,vo-u t·a11 prol,n.li)_y :· c: , :i t. 1· nm1 the ;;01... down b l ow the horiz o n
T Lrij nk y o 1, <·an 1'. t a n •;i.J. i'.u~xl I' ·< ·J •i 111'. l 'or :i L l yot I take a look at
:; 1>mc ol' t lc• Lruc·klng :i.lin on whlch we _ ooked l'or an object on the g round ,
Belt 15 3
f'ound the ub j ec·1., 1.1.nd th en tr:--i.eked it all the way . And as soon a s they
g t that film 1'J.ml put the pi e ces i to make it - it's a sequence came ra
it ' s not a real movie ca mera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in
sert the extra frames so i t is in :-uh a movie came r a I think you ca n get
,i real i • 11. of .xu.ctly how lone; y o1; 1 ·nn see . So if you know how much re -
q 11 i r um~nt y ou lt:1,vc· 'LS r-1,.1· n.r: 110 :i nr-'. ,1 /(lltr inst umc' n ation ts concerned, you
•·•tn L1·]l c·x:11.c·L.I .Y wl 1c trH'r y o u <'1rn c11 · wl11J.L kind 0 1· meo.01tr-cm nt:::i you c:nn make .
'l.'l 1r•ri yo1 <·Hr1 1J.]:io l;l1c o n •'l;jc·n.ll..Y l.'i/,; 1ir·e l t oui,, Loo .
'l1}1 big problem t::; to id .n·t;i f·,y thC' ol>jc r· t . If you ' t'e looking for a
::;p c: fi object, a. <:erLn.in t hund.e r:;torm or the northeast corner of the
Red Sea or something , that means that you don ' t - you're not going to be
0
a ble to pi ek it up ci.nd aim the s pc1.c:e<:raft at i t 30 below the h orizon.
You. ~ g oinc to ha ve to wa i t awhile . You ' r e p obably not g o ing to get it
IJj,ckc out ' til lat •r so that your tirn on tl1e target is s oing to be le ss .
0 . o urse you k now th angc is cltan1~ing very rapidly. 'I'hat thing i
l1clo1,r you - -::.ay it ' <> rt f-: ht 1 ·low your tra .k . When y o ,, irrt see 0 t of
1.11:it J1'.;
0
~·
.i I. , ,. 1-'.<J i n1'. t;n lir. r J1 11-~ f] y ;,oo mile s r,.wn..,y nnd L you paes over
i L 'll h ~'()() ,n:! .I( •: ; ,' l. v/1L,V • :;o tliul:, LI"' r,uige :i :; <:s se n t :i :..lly doubllng . If
.v11u 1 n· :irit,·n:~;b·d i 11 ··01 m- tll!n1.'. that. n·qLtire::; 1.m _ythinG like a onstant
r;mgt · I don ' t 1rnow exucL_y lt w y o1i ' d d.o that . T'lis i s a problem that you
J>r .
J,r·t rn • t y to 1·c.•-phras tl1;,,l; qnc st:Lun . . . . althOU{'.l l I think it wa s
. yo we c tracking
T LI i11k. my 11.nr; wl ·1 · Lo .iL wu:; ;1 y 's , lluL le t me t·ep hrase the que stion a out
!,
Llie se tar gc L:; 1)1' opportur1 i ty. Let ' ~- take t he airg low fo r moment here .
There ' s the night air glow, t he twilight glow and the day glow. Now
the r e a r e no . . . . . . of day glow. That would t ake (pe rhaps a) second
exposure , a nd you know where to look the nex t time around , and ( you can do
Lr,at forever . )
'.!.'Ile Lw-Lli gllt td r1-~low m.i.f~I i t t n.kc 10 seconds to 1-~c t . .
/\n<l Li c rd e:h t, id r·r(Low y ou w-01.LL(l w11,n "L rnaybe l1 minutes . Now ho\./ do you feel
:il,out i f tliat w-·r:c prop:r1.!Jl1Jn ·<l in w-i ti, prope :,pc t ographs'? Either hand.
Ii •ld. r on tl e capsul e . Ilow (io y ou reel about i t ' Ta ki ng a one-second
c :x.'})O"ttre ~r the 1.lay p;lm-1 , a J 0- s econd expo sur • o the t wil ieht gl ow, and
:L 4-m-i.nut exposure o i,h ' n •g l t e;low. You ' r mov ing a.ll the time , but
the p l,- nomena ..u ·c .P ctt.Y mur:h the ~;n.mc duri ng that p eriod .
One f,e ond 'r; no problem f o r ut; . l•'ou r· mjnuter; , you m:i. f~ht hav e to be a littl8
l>lurry.
I t hi..nk y ou c:oultl probu.hly , ·i f' yo u tr·ied e n ou13l1 y ou could p robably get a
1 0- s e ,;ond .
}'our minul, s-
Wcll o[' c ou -~;c tti c: r,p r· tnc.rapl 1 1·a11 . . . . . . . . t he t i me to p ermit a fair
amount of 1110l~ion L o.
'( uu ' (l p; . t ~.umc LI I i n1-: Ofl Ll le-
1.111: :: p (.'cl;o1,'.1 ·a l 1 ,·u1Lld :;L•1.y- i. 11 01 ·bi L, Llit) pc1·:; n11 would have t o gu ba k in.
::< , ::l u,r·Ll y 1d ' L1·1 · 1.111.ct, l.l 1c <' >CJ)Cr i 1111·11I, \v:is t ,·icll in u oc ket and the ro ket
:; L: di i I j ·1.1l 1..i rn w-:c:, it prnllJ. · in , too . W" i Ll1 tim i n1~ a · ter our minutes , the
,,xpo:; H c one tl:i.<l 1-:c t tlie ··:rx:1 ·Lo,•_: :1.pl1 b co.us the thing was able t o poi nt
1n i, i1.i. s (lj r·c d~iori vcn tr1m11-~.h iL di <l 1-nl)ble u. littl~ bit .
I w-u 11.l tll1 ' L Lh h1k y oi1 1 <i W":t11L l.() l1anil - ll)J 1l n. '1- 111:i.nute one , I' l l t ell you
Belt 15 5
t.J1at-
No , no .
You ' d h ave to be spacecraft-modern. You could get the rates down low
nd you could-
0 . K. -
You <·u llld c rta:i nJy holcl it wHh in a lib.lf a tlcgree . :But now your half-degree-
You ' d h~v · t10.lf- clc1;;rcc: ton~s w'L t.;r1j n L11c s pa, ·r ,·ro:ft • ( I think that
w )1u<l do J L) .
•ell t ' ~, all r.igl,t . You can build :i 11 i <:c:r.ta i n a.mount o smear ( so you can
,~ t. u. very good c'lny) .
Wnit :1 sec on Le t. m ftsk you an Lf 1 ·r thi n/~ - What is the ai r g low that
you ' r, . lookine; 1::1.t now. llow 1,dll you l o ok o.t tlii s't Whe e !:I.bo uts is it
(;\Oine; to be'?
Well, i t will c at the hori:.wn, or u. tl egre e or. two above it .
I know, b ut you sec , y ou 'r looking t - the hori zon beh ind you i s gone
rlonw - b y very r,:i.st . rhc airglow is essentially -
0 if you' re looking a t a
(l:i ff cr-cnt 1)· ·c of the 1.tire:low - 110 1~ L11 horjz on at a certain spot . Now
:t 1·c yuu Hi-il'I/-.',; l:.t J1okl,cltind y ou :u,<..l Jook a t continually cha nging airglow
(,1 · ]\l<>k i n 1r 01 it·. 1· y(.iu 1Lnrl. •·c c a c·OJ1t:.inualJ.y c·hanginu; airg low or a re you
;~\l l1 11'. L;o Lr ·y rtn I :Look 01 !l: u.i; n •i p;ht :i11 viewpoinL and try to pick up a pie e
r,I ' 1,. -11·1;,;low 1J.nd l.r-11., · I• • •••
'l ' l11 lL ' :: .'1 V<·r ·y l:-'.o nd q1wcU011 . I W\ ltLld : i:1.y one would 1ie v ry a't.isfied to
01 10 0llou..l I also t.:ry tl1<~ o tl 1cr exp r·imcnt . Ha Ha Ha .
I clidn ' t Jt'l( 'lln t:.l1;tt I <1:i rln ' L tl, · nk or your expc iment, Dr .
I djdn ' t tnt : ; 1n Lo <·omplu :in .
i':1.1 ·L uJ' tl1 (• 1'.11.r11• · ·
I'"
,, I'' I
r,
, •:csj_ l_y done tha.r trying tu Ln1c:k 1:1. ,; •rtai n spot in the airglow because
that mea ns that if your flight pat i s thi s way, y ou ' ve g ot to aim the
spacec raft over he re and t hen you ' ve got to trac k it a long like this .
I t would seem to me that it ' a easier to just put i t s ome plac e and h old
it thee .
MM-hmm.
And cspeci n.lly f rom t be :pi l ot ' s s tandpoi nt when you ' ve got a guns ite or
r·omething like it . mn i nto:Ln that apace cra ft es s entially wi ngs
.leve l with . . . and ii' th pitc:b Hti.,itude ' s paper, you don 't have to
wnrry u O\Jt t he t;rnnslntj_on FLc · rosG the . . .
'l'li.i. c j ., a q_u.csl.jon on hoth '.> ,rnrl 6. Tn terms o f" p re- warned subjects , like
thiu ~ort of th 'ng . /\ lot of
pr ·e -wurn cl au.b Jc<:1.,r; . 'l'o your e ye liow 1:ar 1,clow the !10 i zon could you
.eel you could pic..:k up say 11 we a tli . r phenomenon . Now you ' re not l ooking
Lh rough the atmosphere at somcthi gin the tmosp here . Do y ou fe el you
0
1 :ould see c.ay 10 be l ow tb horiz on '! Can y ou (:ome up with some e s timate
there . I f you ' r e pointed head csscn t ·in.lly try the plane towards it so
i t ' s ln y 01Jr winc low.
WouJtln ' t ttri:_; dt ·pc r1d. 11pon wl1nt; t <-· J..l lic'ril)IDen n wu.s-
•·uvv r·<· cl 11. ! COO m il :': llfl t;Jw ::i dv lii., •~; make i t more
' ,00 111i L r; I>r1 1;1,.. :;i( <' - I ' d ll0 ab!,· I. , ., c tl1:.tL at 10(_ below the horizon .
Tl' .it. we're· ll .li11< · or Lll1wd1·r ·:;L 1·in: ; , .I t. lllnk p r· llably 20 or 30° . If
:ro1i ' r ' lolil<.int: 1'01 · ~om<· 01 · the trdnr~:; Lh::tt we Wl c looking for at 30°
Uclt 15 7
l 1c.low (Jw l1(11·i·:,(Jr1, I l,f1rn111,ld, 1.h,,.I. 1,,,,_:: 'L p;ool p.1:,.r·i: Ln J1;ok f'e>r :an1dl ob-
.1< :r·L r: . W'J1, , n w, · :llL.'J :'.Hwd.1 CJl,,)cr · Lo> tt1c:y hav e: Lu ttav h1.rge identifying fea,...
Lures near them; mayb if we ' re going to start l ooking f or something like
the
. . . . . . . . . . . . ( could be a c loud )
-th Hcd fie , . 30° Jclow the ho iz on> I think you could proba.bly
r3Lart; piclclne; j t 1.tp . 'fld.s is below tl1e: a pparent h o r i zon . This is below
Lhc lor:al l1orizontul.
H•ig} L.
l\r:, to w-11t .r and land yrni cny ii, mn_y lie ?O t o '50° . As or . l ouds , perhap s
abouL the same , 01· mayl>c furU-, r up ·t
A little furth r up .
Furth r up .
To tell the di -rrercnce b. tw n a "'torm a nd jw:: t a s heaf that ' s so far
ol'r tk1t y u can ' t te l l jf i ' s just, u ::,heaf or c.: louds or is it onestly
a st rm nthcrin , .
You r·P.c ac you f~ t farth r out th re . o0 bel w t he ho izon . . when you ' re
l.ooki r11-'. J: i kc• tl1n.l, y ou ti.on ' L know Ll1c d.i r-rcrc111 ·<' - One degree cithe s1de
(•o ver:: 100 ' :: 01 · mjlc" , co if.' you ,-~r·L rl1;ht wi1 below you one degree either
:: :id<' cinJ y (' )VC r:i 1.t c·oupl rrd .I.es . : : . •i. f' you r,ct too l' los to t e hori-
:1.on _y ou'1 ·( • •nJJ.y not; c· n tninr~ itny p i nt o tL t here . -
'L'loe puLnt !:; , :i r I r;ci.. 11v l'or say 5ct 01: 2 0 hclow the' horizon, would
I.hat 1x: a /'.OOCl p la< :c: to /.;j V r.t man 11 v1 lue on to set up ·?
J think 20() wo11. Lu lle ( (•;t::;i(.;) ", y s. )
J l;hink ';20() w u.l<l Ii ea~:ict ·.
'(,11; :pirJL ·1 u1 ' L dilT<:rr:11L.ird, ; iri wh1,.t :1rnt ' re l1 )u v.·i.nf.J; aL.
Wcl.l you c., -(; we ' r~ plH.yJ ng 1:1. csamc he re be tween giving you enough time to
cet on it so you ' re on it when you get the r e and at t he same time not
so far t hat it ' s wastine time.
Really to me you ' re not wasting t ime at al l when you tell me whe re to
start even f y ou start me way out . ro tell you the truth, I wa nt to
1
start looking as soon as I -
O. K.
1 '1 l,ell you 1111 this though , jf you ' r - just eoi ng t o give one time-
No . 'rhat ' r, no good. .
\.J11il'l1 time woul, y·ou like , row? I was talkin g-
I f you. ' rc 1.i;oing to give t hem multjple tlmes, you know, start early and
just ,:ontinu. out , but if you. ' re cj 1w t ~oi ng to give one time, then I ' d
. 0
suy 30 .
30° .
Or 20° maybe , but no closer to th horizon.
From the earth ' s horizon . That ' s about 45 half the horizontal, or some-
I t ' ::; ,{bout'.> . . . . . . . • • • ?O .
No .
. . ..... - . . . . . .. .. .
N<, 1; .i r· iL :..;ur< · i ,;n 't. M(ln· ,Lboul. a minute and A. half . Then he goe s .
'(uu ' v,· 1-'.0L t;u 1•:1' t it nt: 1.11 on it. .at··1.v , ,11 ough L.,, l111ve the same kind not to
throw ul.l .Y<)lU' w'l:jgl1t, l ' j ,J,li~ pi(' k ·i 11g .-u·ound mKL wait for it o a long
t i me .
...
'J
. . . your re ul key , t ho ut~h 1 s t rio ir t titr~ you look a t i t
it ' s pretty harr to find i t . As soon as you' ve gone b y it once , maybe
mi ssed it once, the n ext time you c ome throu gh , y ou can give it up there
at 10° if you wa nt . You know exactly what y ou 're looking f o r and you
know what ' r: com · ng before and y ou v.o right up to it and get a
Cn.u.,, you' r-c s Ly1n ~ nbout 30 to do t t1at or lt-'.; d own . r om the horiz on for
0
t rr-1.i.:J n ancl pcrhr:1.ps a l.i ttl J.'u.rU t _ r up f or wc t1. ther . . . . . 10 further
up i'or· w - 1.1.Lher on a f:I rsl:;- on u. dw.nc:c basis t uri;;et of oppo tunity .
I just wanted Lo 1-1.sk you thu t in your - part II of t h is - u nder the great
and unde r the terr:Lal - what is t l1e r;;round altitude that you took 4
shots with the pitch down - I don't know if both of y ou were up or not .
You pitched down and y ou fired a thru ster as a preliminary to t he experi
ment on t h · red:i ncal lir;ht to see how much t he thruster flame would and
c ould int r-fe:rc wi t t h e t:Lrget . I was jus t wondering what you actually
obs rved on t h e:
/\ny brigh t·,n ss of t he thruster and. e o -f."orth and if 1 t c: ou.ld have any
err •r· t on l;h' l.Ul'.'f:'. ·t. I )nv c n I t f rn,u 1d. l'i photog r a p h Y .t .
W-c.Ll on c Jmc t h:L1lg 11k · , you ' d b •I, Le l " n~nlly 1-~c l: ov er there and l ook for
t hem be cause th ·y ' re ,.~o:iN< to tll.rll 011.t bal ck nd y our polaroid probably
l s n ' t e:;oinr'. ·to pr-j_nt them.
'l 'lJC ,V ' r-e i n the ;l;-.1 e k-1w d-w}r i t . niJ .l , arcn ' t LJ1 ·_y?
. . . . d.u eumc nL ouL ( ) JI t h e tap e .
.Lldt l'.; lG
'!' hr..: <l u curn(:11L 0 1JL ,,n U,c l:;upt: 11. rad ·1 1,1,Jnlr. th1;i.L'r: :pror,: r,Jy the part wher1c:
l,rie ti.pc . .
I believe lt ' s in the book t ere , 'Eirn.
Do y ou re(;all how they came out? You could see . . . . . . light or .
Oh , no . No . It ' s in the Sf.l.lll ball park, but the diagonal light that we
snw mn.ybe once or twice . You looked l ike y ou saw it on e , and
You did nee it once .
Well , we t~10u.gnt we djd i 'rorn what w ' tl been briefed up to . . . .
Did you dra w a pic:tur - of i t yest·r.d,iy't
Yeah .
I could comment . W talke q_ui t a h .i t about this afte t h e GT- 3 f light
and I know Gue arcl John oth hacl q 1ti t ci a bit t o say abou t i t if you want
lo he ck t he not•s on i t .
You mean on the-
On the bright Lh r.u sters , yeah .
Wa it a s cond . I t h ink tr1ey may l 1a.vc been talki ng a lot about the re- entry
r;ontrol syst m.
No . No . No.
Do y ou l<now w:tw.t c·n uscd you to s .e :i L'? Was .it efle ted o f the space-
,-raft or wa::; it an uu.ra f f~low s rn whc r around
/\ glow rrom bch:lnc.L.
You ' re ju:·L ::; . , •jrp; ·that .. ,· Li on o r· tl,c glow tlio.t comes your way.
Nuw - I:..; j L pr:Lmary or ::ec rnlu r-y ,'~ll)w. Was jt parti 1 s themselves
Lo l.11<: . j 1'.i1L, ni · ym1 t;hink 1·<:1'l(~c l;.i on ·· off t he )articles t hat were round?
J clo n ' t; thi nil.. you <·ou.l.(l tc 1.1. I t w-11.~.; ' ;o dim, you ouldn ' t tell .
Belt 16
I on ' L trd nk y ou e: 0 1 1 hel p - -
You d i sc sBe yesterday p ar tic les of space junk?
Yes vlff: did do you hav any part ic1dar q estion?
I w o1il rJ like Lo h11.ve the in r·orm.1V on ·1ute r thougr1 .
We .. wltat w:i., yo11r- quei_;Lion '?
l was ,ittsi.. c11r •i() 11s f.tllo11L L11c mn.ounL of' j nk you had al,out he space
,·rai'L .
Ji'r-om t.l H:: spucccruf:t?
Wcl.J., 1·r om Lhe:: .;pa.cecraJ'L uud also I.he amount :Ln the spacecraft?
J•'rom Lh e spac en.a.ft:. .
I am rtL) t tal king about any .strange par Licles t hat appeared .....
/\nd 11.J :,o , when _you w r • cmtsj clc Lhr~ Sp:J.c:ecra fl., whether you coul
J,_ ,;c:p :.1.ny ec~umc;tr-y ol' F;.11_y ,j unk off l.1 1,~ sp:;1.cecra ·t.? Par ticu)ar the
:,;pactTc1:J.ft ,,nc; l c uf vj ·w .
I didu ' L .-;1•c any - -
Y <>1 1 diiln ' L :pc ;.i.11.y pu.1·1.i,·Ic,s - -
::, ,.l.r· l Ii l. c!,; , >r· p1,r·l.i,:lc•:; l ' lullLir11-~ 1u ·., 11i1d .
I ::,,i,w 1.11 • 11: lnv e 1-'.lo:i L ol'J' .
11. w1~:~ a ,1c f' i rij I.<: .
1111 1. ii. w,•.:~ 110 1. .smitlJ psr- 1. i cl(; :.; t'l o1Li .i1tG off 'l. 11c :.,pac ec,a t?
Tl 1( : n : w,:rC' a I I k i rid:, .
J11 il , .Y <> 11 li ~LV<~ 11,) /'.!~O111cLr i ca.l pi. c.: t1u· , ol' LJ1ese w! 1e n yo were out side
I.! It.; :.; p: I.C C (; r:.1. 1' 1, .
Wl1en _yt, 1t d.1trr1p the urine, you
II 1 •• ·, · : 1 I Iv lic •:1111. i 1·u 1 . :,; n0w fl akes
2
ul 1 ~,vc.:r . ;,i_i 11 i.om: 01' U em . And Lt, doesn ' t make any difference
whicr. way t.iey are going but ou can see them come off by the wi ndow
and they look like they are go ing off spheri cally , fr om what you can
see . ow maybe they a e n ot goin g out the back, but I doubt that .
n· you see them al any othe r t ime? Glenn mentioned that h e had
:.:een L!tem , ice e:ryst,als ,h .Y wercn ' L a s so ci ated with such si tua-
1.·onc r:1.c t1i.3 -
Y01 see a r·ryst..:d or Lwo go tJy _vcr-.y once in a wh'le .
You k11ow, Lb i.JJk Lll:..1.L Lhe.se u :r c a:.::.:oe:iated wi t,ti systems in t he
sp1:1.c <·raft .
'l'llc xltuus
Yes , we ' v got, ,•~ water <.;ooler 1..1.nd I.lie wa te r :Jc parator and the suit
loup lllt.mps i.ri 1..ltt. water anu Lh v1i.poro.tor , and t, er e ar e thi ng s
going ove r bourd .
.[ think th1:1.L i t might )e pret Ly obvious that L 1ey ' re f rom the space -
r;raf1 , . 'l'hcy a r e going a way genera Lly .
.L th'ir1k a point Lhat JJm made, and [ !,hink I ' v made i t clear , but
nay be not , U1aL Lh 'Y wcr • ac 1,11u. ly goi n.g smaJ l end forward , actually ,
t lie l'ir · t. l. imc W<' w"rC 1:~)illg f'r-onl, r~nd forwar quite a · t , and i t
11)0],,•it I ik<: Lil<' :;l,re:trnl illcs wcr' t'.ninis back, arn you hought well
l.i1:tl. i :; I.IH· v/lJ,.Y i I, ~,1t1-'.l1 t. L<l 1-\u , L11,•t'(' is a l i l .I b' 01' flow . Rut
::<:v .... 1·11.I l.irri,·'.: v-1• · 11:<il. 1tr'<>111HL l.ll t.t1)i111-'. :.:inn!. . end t'orw re :1.nd the stre am
I i11 • :1.11tl I.I,•· Li 1,1, 1, , pu.r· l. icl •:: wt: l' !'.l>ing eqtu.dly as W<.:11 ti is way .
::n I k.1,,iv-1 1,hu,t, U1is i:, a l,IH.:u r·,y l,11aL :wnie p1..:up]' had Lhat there is
<'r10111~lt )HJ.rt. i (' l L::; ev 'n in ti. ver·y r •d11ccll !'low area to cau se a stream-
I inc: l,ut u.11p:ir,:11Lly not..
r:u r 1lw 1 Cu,1p,· r· ~::ii d lie L11ou1-';lll. Ll1n.t lie could tis i t as a yaw r efer -
Be;lt 16 3
'l'hc: 11,.t.r·Lic: I c•;~ c omi.m~ 011 . Lhe back .
i'.1.tL 1.11 ·n we; :;aw U- 1 .L ,~ co1lld ~,,,b soJ utC;ly coul ,.i not use i t a s a
_y1J.w .re;J'e r enc:c: .
'l'h1~ y w ·re go ing ::; tra i.gl it, 'o wurd .
/\n,y way .vo 11 W<!n: g oi.ng , l.hc:y were :d wny:. f lowiue with you , and i t
wu · tl 11. ·re wu c : l.wo nri nc d 11 mp sy:.; l.c; 1r1:; o n th · :;v at;ecr a1·t , on dumped
111il. LIH, r1 1;:l1L t,;i<e and unc.; durnped 11,1L I.lie 1 1· 1, si. e . Tht: one on
l.he r L/-~h l. ::; i.d c _yotJ c:ou I cl s e ouL l.!1c r Lt~ l1L w i.n uw and Lhey would
c vcnl.w..1.J J.y come on the lefL :::ide 11m l you c ou ·lcl .,ee t hem out both win-
_ows . Pre dominantly on Lh right side . Whe yo dump d from the
1 ft s i.de , LL wri.., predomh1a c on tile eft s ide .
'l'hey al vtay::; ri.pp -ar cd to l;e pl'1er i c;.1.l .
·t u1t r; n, .Id Look 0111. an d l,licy w r e 1~1, i n1'. s t -r ai /:')1 L - you know you
wuu J.u I ok u1 1L an<l Lhc_y wer . g0in v. :; t. r-1.1. Lght 11 l' Lhis wuy .
'I 'll •y wer v ~ry l1r i ll:\unL .
/\::. u 1riaLl,e t · of L'ae;L , Lt 1c; pr-Ltjest. :;i1~1it. f 1.11<· wh ole flight wo.s -
yuu ' d J l.l,js .r-i gl1L 1;. :;11ns ·I. uml _y 1 >1t vl<.lllld h;,1,vt• a pcr l'cctly black
:;ly 1-1i!.h 1J.II Ll1cr_:u - wi t.h L111: s1m :;l1 i 11ir t/!: o n :LJl the s e par t icle s .
I l. .,,,. t:; re:J.J pn:L l.y .
/l1:.1.L w-r c: yoi1r Ll,0111'.h L:.; l't.- /'.llr Jlll/~ 1,1 tr-l . i 1: ·11a L i 11c: in th'-' oor ina. ed
1'. row1n - :::pucc:1·.r:tl' L •~>CJ>(;r•i.me:rtl wl ; r< : :; 1ml .hing 1: 1s to be one n
1,11 . 1~r,,und f'nnC" 11 cr<:ril, J,y w ll.l1 yoltr - dtJ i nt~ S (l11<.: .h ing else f r om .,he
:; I ,:;.c ·1'€ : r-:.1.l' l. .
I l.l1i11k _y,, 11 w1111i d lie :t!,!c Ln d o :; i1111l:ll1 i nc; l il, • Lhat .
'{,>1 1111• J.11 l :t.Y i 1\/'. twl. p:d .l.,· 1· 11 :; ,in l.11<· 1'. r· u11nd r·u r· visual .
t ll1 , J, · L ' :.: :: :i._y ::,·:t l.i11 1' . " l11 11Ti, · 1i 11t ' d r· :.:,)1111.:Lhi11;~ ;.;uch ns that where
~E:lt 16 4
_yuu would vi.sually you WOl1l d oLse r vc something clown below you .
We we re essentially oing someth i ng like that on our fl ight - on our
f' ight plan , and we didn ' t follo w i t exac tly . We were gett i ng
informa,ion f r om the gr ound on when to do ce r tai n thi ngs . We we r e
r,::s nt,i:J.ll.Y ,Juir1t_'.; i,h r.i.t.. .
'l'I 1(.;_y Lu I cJ u :; ~,h 11 W(; w • r<; cuin i rig )v, • r· C:nrJa , 1t h11 r-r i c an ' , a nd the
l111r-rj<.:nnr-; n1.1.m(; , e~i v : a.<.:r; ll1 in l. ::; ul' U1r: ~Kten siv L;]oud areas .
.L L wa~ 1 nfort..un Le at t..hut. 1.jJnc i.. huu1.~tJ • trie r e w re no c.:haracter i s t i c
c loud s i..ha L charuc te r i zed a t r opical s Lorm . '!'here was ju st a b ig
::::truct r e or c l ud mas s we took some pic t ures of i t . They don ' t
ci ve you. t..h ' c i r c.:ulati.ori Lhu.t you would like to se e , but they
<.:n11 tell yo 11 - tl1.i s is wtint we did on the g r o und t r ack ing too, t h e y
1,old u s wl,c ·c t..o Jook Lo p.ick itp <·c r-l:1.1..i.n tar gcLs . We <lid , we pi cked
vi•; d id. 1,/-te :~ IJ.Tne rJ,(; Lu.al) y .,,i th g . L t, i n1-(. Ln t., t he a nomaly . We had
r-cq1 e~ 1,e <J p >Si tio11 v e.tSL!S aJ.L • tude . We llad to hange time and run
ours ()WTl u l ittle it .
As a mo.t't..er of f a t we got orbit tracked up Lli re which we couldn ' t
rctLll.'f do a g r eat d.ea.l with o,tr o wn selves b ecause the or b it t r a ck
J1 1i1l Li1'.1e u , , <;k r·i gl1L u.J.ong iL and we covld irn.le-µcnden ly know at a
1.irne when W(; were; r..:oinil w o v r ;in 0 11,jcct of in t.c re s t n th~ g r ound .
1,:r1 , di_d ,y ou ex:r>• ri.cncc any .iJT · cull..'f in operaUon o t he .. .... . ..
.' Lili n<-lL :;11n, wl1 eLl1t• 1· we bud 01ie r two
rlil 'fi c·11II.I•·:; wi l.11 jt,_ vJl1t~I! WV - I lir,111gl1L Lile' ,: rnne r 1:1. IJll kin and
1~:wc.; i I. l.0 ,J i rn, lie s ui<I i I, .,n w .;c.;t, ,ir 1 u l>o 11t. .. .. .
I ,1. wl11: n y ()11 l11 t r1 cl c.!d ii. I.,, Ill ' :;um• l.i 111<. ln.Le1 ·.
:Belt 16 5
:,ome t i me later , bu t we don ' t know whethe r we got gimrr.i ed around i n
,he s a ce craft or whether it wa s my big fat handed ·glove I tur ned
Lhe wheel and ac tually tur n ed it about - you have t o turn it th i s
way to find out what y ou turned it _ to an d I aJn afraid - of course
J: he] d j t Ui • 3 ~,u.y and I could huve ci rnc that w· t h the hand on the
v I t)t.:J< . '.:lo , Lit i.::: mi 1-~hL l,c urn.: :::ou.:r·,·< · u I· <.: rror- wh i.ch wo ul hav e bee n
, Iii..: l.1.1 Ll,e 1.>1H..:rul. i.un 01· .i. L. i\no Lh, ; r- "nc tho ueh , t hat we had prior
t.o tl1c Lim(.: t haL c >ntirn1<)llS tuk.lng plcLure s, the ins ide .shutt er
(loesn L ba<.:1< - oc::m ' t op .n - :.;o y oI1 drop the J'ront s hutt e r all
_yo11 ,m.nt and you get a black J'rmn' :,.nd we go t, quit e a weries of b lack
f'.rames on L11e 1':i.Jm . But thi~ may lie u. mechanlcr.i.l problem t hat we
had , as fa-r as ope r ating Lhe c1.JJT1e r a , t.11e moun t ing of the camera on
the gun l tself, made it difficult Lo ope rate . '1.' he s ame th · ng, if
yo u had a crun.erc,. tl1a.L was j foot w.Ldc and one and one-half foot
.Long it WO il l.<.J l;C! hu.rde r Lo OJ) :r-a. te .
I reuJ.i.zc Ll111t . I ri i,j _cctl thut in oft(; of y our' shots from the space -
<· nd' L .YOH l1 u.<l 1.1 wh i Le ~we .u · in LlJ pr i r1L . Now , is thr.,,i., on e y ou ·
1· x. pc.: ri1 : nc ·d ul.s,1 d11r · n,v; .vu11r l.r-ai.nin1-~ period ':'
'1'1 1<; wl,il.c :~111c1n·, I l le li : v ~! i:: I.IH; 1' i cl .1ir·c Ji111 t.o okof Llie window,
·,.rnl i i. l 11.1.<l LJ1.1 lL ::,m1 : n r· ,, 11 L11c wi ndu~, .
i!u , 1. 1, i .<.; w ,i.:; i n Lh <.: p:tiJ1L l.1..s•lf.' . Yu 11 loow Lli c 01e I 1uureferri ng
Lu .
Yu.:, 1,1 10 0 11.; yo11 t o ok .r Le;hL r 'iE hl. l'r nt. no s e straigh t int o Jim ' s
window . Is Ll1js th e un ·' wi LI, Lhe whil.t: syme t..clcal s t r eak a ll the
'l 'i ii.1.L ' s rt g l, L .
'l'lH: r t · ;1.rc; :, 1·r: rn11 : :; .
1:,-'.Lt 16 6
le i..LJ' not. '.~IH't; wh :,,t, Ll,c, _y 1.t.rE: i.tL ,;.I f .
'i'l1ere is a ::iymmei.r i.c:al one on each one of them .
~/ell , i. t goes back acr oss the fi lm~ about 90 de g r ees.
I s it stra · ghi ?
:~tra.l!:!:ht , i.L ' s a ]')retty , ·he same w-i tlL!1 all the way across .
·1 L m Lr.~l1L b<; ln.Y !it1.IJ11cl. L L<; - down GLrnp .
I\Ju , l.11is W'IJ.,~ a <l il 'I' rc: nL •r.po!.:11 c!; 011 1,utr , sicJ es .
'J'l1 is i.s par I. ic:u.lar too, l1eca1 se tht: exposure goes all the way
1:.1.<...:ross th e fllm . You .......... .
It is noL with · n the r rune itself. So there ls a p ec uliar ity there .
Wjth respect. to the bl ac.;k f r ame , the people have lo oke d at it and
tliey don ' t Lllink t.hi.s j s a mechan •c:.1.l p ro le . It is <1.n exposure
problem mo ·l, likely . We a r c .i.nves1, igating i t fur ther .
1 also , was ulk ing Lo some people on I.he cam n.ts on i i.. and they
l'1!lL I.J1nL il. wus an imag of some L_y pc wi t.h U,, br ightness out there ,
I.L wouldn ' t b e black .
'l 'l1cn~ wou.L· I, an im11g L11 .r e yo1i c:u11.J.d b ring i L out .
Ar·i] L/1c:;e Lhings reull,y bl.a.ck. , or j :; LJ1e r e anything on it?
Wt-, 1.1 , 1 dor1 ' I. lmuw .
Wr~ .ittt;I, helrl i L trp J ike t.!ti.~; and looked down , a11d that is a 0u all
we• 111;1.vr~ done., Loo , ,Jim . T d.un ' I. u1.· 11k -
'I '! 1:1.!, i ,; LJ 1e: , ,n J y w. y l I u.1 ve nn i C:ll11 J d11 ' L see · Lll., th i ng .
•L li:wc,11 ' I. r- 11n 1.1. 1'.uud. <10Lai Led :JL1HJy .vet .
l',1 11. u,. :; l , r· i 1-'.lrl. a1J i I. ic ,i1il. l.111'1·,~ , .i 11::I, ,·emcm L'1 · t.u e ii wa s my
l.lwn· . I iJp11 ' I. :;,•c! l1ow , (•vc,r, 1,t. 11. ll >OO ; t,,ca11S1J wi h the recommended
7
:~c, LL i n1 ~ I Li't." n.k .is abou L '.:>UO that yo u would have some type o f an
underexposed someth ing yo can see ....... .
I think so .
Our measured success o f that camera hasn ' t been high.
I 'm al'raid every time we med i t , j t failed .
()f cour·!;e we are getting fl l) , of the se thin{"s , but when we go t o
Lr<1.ce Lhern own, we can ' t rr::nlly Li_e them down .
We Ll, I can tie do'Wrt al;out ;; Limes for you . When the film in the
td .ti Lwle chamber in exa<: Lly Lbut moue , the s hut Le r doesn't fall,
Ll 1c mir.i:or in L11e l;ack doc,::;n ' t fal l.
I L' s ~ ~ ) t a lmnd.le <.>n tlluL one and he discover d the r E:ason for i t .
'l'l1cy l 1ud i, I 1Ls c1uncra bcl. 1, u.L McDormcJ.l r igh t no-w .
'J'r c twc we had o u L 1e .f'.L.i ght .
'l'tie onE: we ha.d on Lhe fli ght and they a r e l ooking at H to see if
the r e we r e any of tho se kind of' event f'r ames, that t hey found .
I s t ha t the one - -
No , the problem that the y found in the altitlJde chambe r was a b ent
part, . But they don ' i.. know how it J';Ot bent , they don ' t, know what
mude j L bc 11 , buL t.11cy· 1. 1:r:e going Lo look at Lb.i.s came ra to to see
i 1' l,li r:c wr 'rc n.lly of' tl1ose kin s o l" frames n.p11arent .
I l.hi1 1k w-hul. i. " ul::;o 1- nl.e rcs Ll11g i ,l , me . I r emember l oking in the
J. co1 J I c1 Looi\ at, t.tie ro I J o I" U1c or i c; "Lnn.l s e ()lte n(.;e and I think we
r:uuJ Li ulmo;~ L Le I I Li' we ll n.d u co.mer.a fn.i.lLtre ur we h ucl an e xp osure
I·a u .1a-C; . I11- r:a.11:.;1..! L.l1" 'x-posu ce fall11:r , you l1ad lt , :t'rom then on
8
.Y<)1t1· J i c:Lucc: .~ 1-1<,ulrJ b<.: I; I ,J.<;k uri<l m,lyl,1; .i.f you riu.<1 a r c,.ndom failure
o l' U-1<.:: mirro r l,:.J.c:k ther e .iL might Lake a pie L1u-e somet ime , sometime
not . The oack plate - there were expo sures on almos t every frame.
There weren ' t these , I g1less a fairly lar ge number of f rame s that
w-ere 1>lack .
vlr.: r r.: 1, 1,<; l'r-:lJne:; ir1l.c rm i1, 1.t:n1.l_y thnl. ,tc r e blac:k on these ?
, l<J , 11< 1 , l.b1,.t, l c1,c:1i lJ . .1 l~,oked - l d Ldn ' t luoh at all of them
i,uL l.ookvcl 1.1.L 1)., J'uLrl.Y 1~oorl :Jtri11/~ u1' Lhem antl thero were a
cou-p t c ol' t.he:m , one: or 1.w-o p oi.nt::: , one p o int wher~ ther e is a small
over.lap in Lhe frame, buL that i s uoout the only problem that we
rou.ncl on the black and wl'ii te .
\✓ell, a re ther e e xcept.ions in the color that. a r e black?
In the color, yes . There are .
I tMnk this is - -
l don ' t, know - -
'l'hcre Ls no i.rnJ i en.Lion Lha.L you goL a random l'uilur e in the mirror
I.hen'!
1, i.eht. , you :;cc we nr e upplyj r1g U1j_:; un GT- 5 . 'j'trr e e experiments
1w<l we 1.t.re kind ol' c.;onc:crned a liou.t I.hat .
I Lr, i fl~, yo11 [;hou I d be r-u,•.1..ll,y .
IJ i <l .'J'rn :;c<· <Jitsl, JHLrt.i, · I<::-; r·.1outin1'. u 11t; the ca.l.) Ln when you had the
I 1: d,r;li open . l.t' .vou did , wl 1al. J'lon.L,: u ,)uL'?
Ye ·:.; , we <li<l ~;cc tlt1::L JF•.r-Lt<:1<! 0 , Ll1<:rP was dusL. 1·ioatinc; f r om the inside
l.11 I.I,,. 1111l.:;idu, J: l.l1i.r11< l.l1c\.V U t' <.:! ,j1 r:;l, g ,l"Lng J'r-um o. high p ressure area
1.,, n. low -pr-(.::; s11 r 1· a r011. .
.
B-=lt 16 9
/\nyw,,;,y my suit J.eu.ked th y all do y ou know s o that 1.he re is
cetting something on the in side , also, we had a lot of th ings i n
there that were p robably outcast .
/\lso , Lhe insides were dirty .
I on ' t agre e wl th that. The re was a efinite t'low of par ticle s
:·ru 1 1.n irir;ide ,o the outside .
liow j d you ge , rlE: glc.rve outside .
l t..111 nk Llmt may have - -
o , Lh glove wasn ' , put out , it went out by LLself .
J cun ' L say L'ur <•ure U1uL anyone hi L i L , but Lh re i somethi ng
ve r.v inL r c::;I..Ln1~ LliuL 1m Jess you sc:e iL , it n _ver davmed on me
t,~ .rorci . l>uL we J1nd .s me JierLutl::; uf l. imr.:: where 1.,;c1 was asleep and I
di ' L huv' m1tcl1 Lu do, t:o I fo ol ed 1J,round with what things do i n
:t.<.:ro g and 1 ulm sL had a pcrC'eci, conservation of energy until you
relea·e an ubjecL and push it o:ff .in a c e rtain i rec tion , i t continu ed
Lo r icoche, aroun the spacecraft unt il i.., c atche s onto a lever o r
.i.t gets we ged in somelhi.ng, but iL doe sn ' t seem li ke when you drop
u. ball on Lh e;round • L goes haem , IJoom boom, lioom , and finally
c.: I.op" , t L is k.Lr d of l i.k, Lliat, . JI. keeps going - - - If you take
::,1meU1in~'. :iw l ::;pin iL , it . wi.n Ju"L "n.y th :r~ an d sp· n . I took
•>t1r; of" L11r; l'i,rid L>1Lf<C w<· 11:u l wl1it: l1 W<'n· ul>t1ut L.lii ::; long tnd a 0tt tha
wid<: a11<J v 1 ·1 ·_y l.l1i11 1i11d I wu11 l <J ,j11.sl. :,p i u i.L J ikl! Urn. 11ud i wo ld
.i 11: ;I, ::t,n_y 11,<; r, - a11<1 :JJ>i11 . Wit.I , m> ,lu ·rense j n - es s enl.iall,v no
/\not.11,•1 · i11 i.c:J.ticlll I observed , I had
,,. pi,·•~, or mcl.E.1.I Ll,nL w:l ' :-.:cr·e wecJ .>J1l,c i,l!c · n ··Lru.mentlition panel
Uu.1.L lu.1.d it r·u1111<I d.isc: wi Ll1 a J.oop i 11 i L un Lhen it a a chain
I i rJ.k d,~ wi Ll :ind t.lt n I.I 1< : r t: wus :,mot I,e r 'hain l i.nh ewi tt, and that
Belt 16 10
c11 air1J ink as s c r e we o:ito t e ins r ument panel , s o tr.at the r e
r-e u Jy w&s - U w me ta. ,J. link, the n 11nother fixed link, and the r e
were we h• u a ['&n in 011r suit loop , und y ou could fee l t hat inle t
v a ve un er·neath the insLrument panel, a nd I r e a ly s houldn ' t b e
·, c ry muc h ui r going throu.g}i ther becau se y ou only blowing just
:_,_ smc.1.JJ por l. Lon of he uir fr·om the c ;J.IJin nd mixing i wi th all
Lhe :;mall u.lr or oxygen in I.he su • L i Ls(.;lf , '' O y·ou ju"t sort recir
c·ulaLc a. J j L tle b • t of air fr om Lb • ,J.bln and mj xing it wi t h mostly
·ti r C.t· 1m t he suit ,"ln it ,just so happeued t h at I noticed the part i
c 1.e s with:in l.. he ..,1mcecraft 1, ndecl tu flow down .m d you could get
11 r-cuc.- L'in i. Lr! s t..rcu:rn.1 in , f"c Ll Lh .rou1.i:JI m,y leg a.nd. this ctal was
motrnl.cd .j1 1::I. 1:1,l1ovc Lhu.L , lrnL up ug11i.n:.;l, the l" l al, pane] so that the ..... .
l•:nd of tape .
Belt 17 1
and the Spacecraft tended to pull down to here the redefinite streamline
down through my legs and this met al was mounted jus t above that, but up
against a flat panel so that t he ball ad of the panel i s here and t he metal
is mounted pin here . And I watched that thing start into motion.
Really, I' d just touch it and it would s t art loffing. It would loff over
like this and boun e up like this . And it went on for - one time I timed
i t for ovc 20 minutes and other times for as long as 30 minutes - and
the only thing that ever stopped it from t his continuous motion - this loffing
back a nd forth - was a piece of gawkroll t hat we had gl ued on underneat h
i t and every once in a while it harl an edge on it like a nickel or a dime
where it essentially came off like this and every once in a while I 'm
sure that that edge got stuck in the gawkr ol l , but it never, ever stopped
unles s it got stuck in the gawkroll. And t he same kind of thing could
have happened to the glove . It might have been put i n motion in the
spa cecraft and then just I wasn ' t looking 'at it AND it could have been
rico heting around inside the spacecraft for a long time and it finally
went off.
The same th ng applies to your strap. . . . .
I think wll t you ught as far as u Clowout of spacechart is concerned,
th r ' s a tr m ndous ex mpl of iL in the fi rst part of the film.
on. my h lmet tied-on ...,trap . It ' s <le i nitely taking exactly the path of
the low - omcs up, goes out, und aches ov r, and i you rec 11, the
£.~love am out and followed exactly that path . It arne up and out,
arched over, and went ight out the right side of the spacecraft over the
top 01' the .
Belt 17 2
It conti nued right on out .
You can s ee there was a fa i r amount of sun i n and out of the cockpit.
Quite a bit.
You could see all the dust particles . You can count the streamline on the
way out . .Maybe we ' ll have a tou h on these last t wo experiments and then
ome back if there - j ust to make we touch on all the . . . . . . the
radiation exp riment insicle the cabin. Is there any comment or question
that . . . . . that this was the little ball .
Right . Ed White, why don't you ·omment on that?
Yeah 1 t his is a fairly straightforward experiment in which I ' m sure the
people responsible that are f amil iar with it. It was a measuring device
in which we measured the spacecraf t radiati ons f or 1- minute periods of
time at 6 different spots of t he spacecraft and this we did at prescribed
times during the fli ght . A very straightforward experiment.
That ' s all the background ( up to) t his morning. Are t he re any questions
bout it The last one was the Hangd.ella Sexon experiment
We covered t his in great, great detail yesterday and I don ' t .
Did anybody br:l ' on tho. t cxpcrim •rrt;? I t hink it would be bett r if
y ' all ask ct. qu tJ ons on t because if we w nt through i t , it would take
about thr c hours . Do., anybody have any questions about it?
No, I think we got a very good thorough field for i t yesterday when we
went t hrough it in detail .
That leav s t he vi sual obse rvations .
Ye s .
/\nd I know you we nt t h .ough tl1at y sterday a nd I listened carfully.
'I 'hat ' ::i riefl t . W won ' t, have. to -
Belt 17 3
And I personally asked Glen, Cochran, Schirr a , a nd Cooper if they say a
meteor and they all said negative.
And t hen you both said you saw a meteor.
No, a falling star . Ha Ha.
I think thcre ' e a diff rence betw en what w say and what ,;.re were expected
to se as f a ns meteors are cone rned.
Are you t a king about micro-,eteor.i tes striki ng the
No, I 'm t alking about meteors in the atmosphere .
O. K.
Below. O. K. Below we saw them.
Little ones .
Ah , little ones .
Yes . Now, one of the obvious situati ons is t hat you said you said a 7th
magnjtud otar. c o probably your vi sual sensitivit y was better than
another ob er vation. The window wa s better or something. Is that it?
Di d you make a count of the num.be of t he-
Wait a minute . What are file s you use success?
Well, if you have poor visual sens i tivity, then the number of meteors
observabl drops of f very qui ckly with the sensitivity of the eyes .
You sc, 10th magni tude , you could see a lot more meteors in the atmosphere
than you ·an if you . . . . . . 2nd magnitude . And the question arises
How many do I exc .cd . . . .
. 2nc o rel r of meteo1:s .
Yc a.11 .
They were ~nd or er. me t eor s and -
Belt 17 4
They were quite bright .
O. K. You saw only bright ones. About how many did you see?
About how often did you see any? Could you have made a count of them and
said, 11 Let's l.ook at met eors f'or awhil.e" ?
Yes, we could have.
Could you have sat down there and counted t hem all off as you say them and
give them relative attention?
You see, I hes itate to give you a number because I think that if we did,
you'd tend to come t o the wrong conclusion because we weren't looking out
of the windows at night all the time .
No .
Quite often we had things to do i nside and: we turned the lights up and
never even looked out . .
Oh, you weren 1 t dark enough, is that it?
No, we already were looking out. We were attempting to look out and we
couldn 1 t see out because we had t he lights way up and, first, we were
working at the window, and secondly, if we we r e we couldn ' t have seen. So
if we give yo\l a number, make sure that you don 't s ay that, O. K. , we say
15 m tears in :four days and therefore they're going t o see . . . and
that.' s not right .
No . o. K. n1rt ber•auec .
If y·o1, want H. number, I saw probal>.Ly betwee n 10 and 20, but again I
wasn ' t looking out; all the time .
No, so you really weren't looking f or a meteor, right?
No , we sure weren ' t .
And you have tor member, also they occur in a rather uninteresting place.
Belt 17 5
They don ' t occur up in th heavens , they occur down below you . This i s the
area that you spend a great deal of time looking at i n t he night. You're
looking up at the stars.
We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime,'
you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some
where else , you really didn ' t see much. You find out that sky, in the
daytime you a.on 't see anything-
I was just curious whether it would be worthwhile to spend a little bit
of time looking sort of at the ground close to the hor izon and trying to
count meteors in terms of finding out what -
I 'm sure we c ould .
Getting a count on.
0
It occurred quite low do,m . . . . . . . . . You looked down a t 30 and
there'd be meteors ; at 45° there'd be meteors. Obviously well below you.
Did they l ook any different from shooting star s from a baJ.loon?
The t hing that I not iced about them is that they were short and I think
this is probably because you're l ooking at them from above and the angle -
the lengt h of them - of short , and. you ' re seeing them a s they come down
through the atmosphere from above a nd so you see a line that's lonly that
long from above . Up there it ' s only that long , and then when you look at
them f'rom down below you see them .ome all the way down and they appear to
me-
'l'hey ' rc probably microscopic . The random slope direction.
~.iometime s they ' re real 11ttlc tiny short ones and-
1\.nd I think the short on 'fl would. more be an indication that they were very
d.im ones , b <;ausc the dimmer the meteor, the shorter the trail.
Well that :..:c'rns r .u.aonti.blc .
I' I, i' 1-,t • 'l : ,., ' I \ ,11
Belt l7 6
But what you ' re looking at right here then i f it was dark.
To tell you the truth, I think what 's more· important is the angle that
you ' re looking at them at.
Well anyway, we did see a lot of them. And they 're not difficult to see.
And I don't think we were looking a t anythi ng that approaches a 7th magni
tude meteor .
You see we could see-
Well, I was just curious whether this was the reason why the-
, Much brighter than that. I didn't see any real dim ones. As
a matter of fact , since we weren't looking for them, you know, we wouldn't
have seen them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude
star I can see" and you look around and you say "O. K., I know that's a
3rd magnitude and that's a fifth and then I see that one over there is
dimmer than the fifth and that one's evan dimmer so t hat
eventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude
. . . I saw those because I wa s looking for them and I could come
to t hat conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see how dim a meteorite
I was only seeing the ones that I was attrac ted to while I was l ooking
f or something else .
~,o that might be 1:1. nice thing to ( a sk) . . . . . . . . . . . on the next
(fligh t) .
W 11, if you looked out for th m, you probably could see a lot dimmer ones .
Dr . - . . . . . . . . . general ~uesti on or something?
Eelt 17 7
Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen .
You shouldn't ask. That ' s a hard one for me to answer . I know what the
flow into the suit was and.-
Look, somebody might have given you the
I don't believe that you could get that figure because you see it was an
open roof system a nd.-
What ' s not used goe s right on. I n fact, not only that, it comes in at a
f i xed rate and it goes right over the sides.
You can ' t get that when you ' re fuel i ng.
Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't .
expect?
No.
Here ' s one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to
make in r egard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the
vehicle , the satellite Without a ct uall y . . . ?
Doing what?
Putting a man aboard
You mean go over and take a look . . . . . . . Sure. That's one of t he
reasons we ' re doing this .
You think lt 's perfect .
Pull 11:p along s 1dc of it and go ever and take a look a t it .
(You don ' t 1'oresc, e.ny u.nus®l probl ems, do you?)
No.
. . . the tumbling (mold) "l
Excuse me?
Even jf it ' s in the tumbling mold?
You ' re goinp; to use some good judgment about what you do as f ar as going
Belt 17 8
. It 1 s the same kind of problem we have associated with the
booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine
exactly how much of t he tumbling b ooster we could plan to go up and take a
look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was up to the 1>ilot 1 s
good judgment to approach the booster using his O'W?l j udgment on it. There
just wasn 1 t a way to put a hand.J.e on it - well it's tumbling so many de
grees and out of plane and you can go or you can 1 t go. I think if you see
it, you 'll know whether you can or you cant .
Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch
unidentified?
They ' re working on those , I t hink. I'm not sure that they completely
ompleted the case .
I was asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close
cauldrons was contributed
I think that kind of inf'orma.tion should come from t he systems people who
have done a lot of work on it.
Yes, t t ' i t1k . . . . . •.••• . •..•...•••••••.••.•
Are the re any other general questions?
Yes, I have one . In your effort to photograph specif i c objects on the
groun, wh~t kind of siting devices - . did you use optical siting? Did
you try at any time to use the reflex viewing arrangement of the 35 mm?
uh siting deviL:e
For siting '/
yes .
We looked out through it but it was mounted in s uch a manner that you
Belt l7
couldn 't do any more than look out.
You couldn' t aim at a particular point and correct for-
No, because it amounted to looking over this way and then controlling the
spacecraft back that way.
In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse.
A redu ed .
That' s the reason I a sked the que stion. I wondered i f you had used that
paJ:rti cular thing and whethe r it was useful .
You could see what you were looking a t, yes, but, controlling a space
craft, no . I think you could have ma.de a little near - actually got around
to t hat part of it . . . . . you did the firs t time . But if you wanted
to t ake a picture of s specific ob ject, and one person was controlling
t he space craft and the other person was going to take the picture, he
could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer . control
the spacecraft too it would be a -
One other point i s how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system
with the optical site'
Cert ainly with .:ta half a degree .
Plus o minns half ad gree .
robably l os than that . Maybe on the order of a quarter.
Do yo u have a picture of the site agai n?
No, we don't .
There ' s a dt fercnce between the open bars on the site .
Do you hav~ to go , Bill?
No, I don ' t .
I can give you n b tter answer if you come and as k me in a day or t wo
Iielt 17 10
when I get i t little
l~t me: look clt the si te ~gain.
'fhe e ' s . .
visual obse .cvati ons .
Excuse me . Let m answer one mor e .
Have you seen the tracking .film?
No.
Look 1t t at - you ould probably . . . . . p utt ing a grid on a screen .
I coul<l show you what I was u sing a ::; the targe . You could
• • • • • feel the view that you got - that y ou ' e looking at .
Knowing the f'i ld you know, I'm sure you could calculate exactly what you
an do .
• • l:l. tl,y whu L you .nn do.
'.['hat ' :; the :; ' ·onll Lhj ne ] want to 1:1r.;k Dr . White bout - r:ornments of fields
of vi ew. Yo u w nt outsj_<lc tJ1 spar: •<;ra t and then you ·h ad a Wider field
of View.
Yeah .
How would y ou describe th difference in field of view in terms of your
visual sensibility in looking at the lemo. Any problems about t hat?
Oh, golly.
It's like l ook •i.nc; ouL t .h ha tl1r-oom w i.ndow vers s l ookinB out the f ront
wj.ncto, out t pi · tut·c· ~-rind >w, whi< ·h :is like g oine to a movie th atre where
yo1, ha.vc, it lJ LL.l e r :um t l,c>r ·e rtn( l t h 11 goi ng to (m . of tl1es wide- s reen
one:~; . You l 11,vc• Lo L1a·n yo 11c lll:ad Ln :;cc it all .
Did you 1·-·n<l l.11 c: :JI)l.l.('C' pJ.:d,,• <J11jl~c . .d1•q1iatc?
Wc •J J., I :.;1;J, l.d. _yn1, l1tJ. vc to L10:n y ur. IJ( ' 1Hl t o see it .
C uJ cl like y 0 11 G
then lJ 1c whole }iorj.zon'! Did you f ind any differences
Belt 17 11
,L.LOfli--'. the 1,url:r. on'!
You ,::an sec, the curvatu('(; :ln the horizon whe:n you ' re just l ooking out the
window of the spacecraft. And then when you're looking out there you se e-
0. K. then, yo~ could ~ompare one part of the horizon to another to look
for variations.
Yes .
In dnyligb t .
Yes.
You <:ould sec a great deal o.r t he horizon out the window
Did it look all t he sf.i.me - uniform - or did you find a ny variations?
No, I did n 't. It looked just the r;l).me - like three more piece s of dough
What about stars i n t he daytime'!
I didn ' t see any outside . /\nu I d.jdn 't specifically try to chaff myself
t o do t hat.
. . . . . . scattered light
It was ver y bright out there and I even looked in the shaded areas which
we ren 't shaded deed shnde but behind t he door , places like that. Were
Cooper and :·ic.:hi r.ra i n the d.::tyti!ne '! Go.w a dayel ow.
Iklt 18 1 ,a
.. , • .. , . , , . <lce-p Sl1 1i<1a , t, ·•hlnd Lhe du()t·, J)laC !,';$ like that .
Were Coop ~r rind. :·;ch.lrru ln the rlayt 1me?
Sor t of date - low.
Could you see t hat also?
What di d t hey describe as the basis?
They ...... the sky had u brightne s s t o it ..... above t hem .
And when Cooper woke up , he was mostly in the daytime. He (not iced)
out on t he wi ndow he knew i t was dayt ime right away .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ha Ha Hu .
I could t e ll by up a nd down .......... .
I tell ya , I woudn ' t be uh I would he sit ate that there was actually
phenomena like duy glow because it might be uh .... You could liik out
the window and whether you 're at night or in the dayt i me . But it
may (not ) have anyth ing Lo do with what 's out there . It might not
have anything to do wi th t he space craft.
You 1 ve got t wo windows, anyhow . You can tell whether you 're ....... .
There 1 s more to it than t hat. You know you' ve got a b ig long nose
Belt 18 1
sticking ouL on th t spacecraft ; and if t h e s un is shining on
that nose , ,you know darn well it ' s based on it . Al so t he light on
t he nose •• 3 refl ected back int o the windows gi ves you a light . And
t here ' s a. 1 ot of things 0 1 tside that window that gi ve light to your
eye s . We roun that th · r e W/lS a f'l i m on (trie cone?) t hat gave
1 ight to .vo1,r (; y r:! :, . The r e a rc so rnany th ln1.'.,e; n:round the r e that would
gi ve you n. clu You could indeed be plo.(: ·•rt oi1 t into a ..... if you
tllk that same spacecraft and I knew the re wasn ' t anything out side,
no day gl ow, ju st nothin g but an ab solu tely black sky up there, shining
l i ght on the spacecraft, I wou l d ge t the imp res s ion that I was i n
the daytime . I hes itate t o lead you down the wrong p ath .....
Did you see stars in the daytime f'rom ins i de the spacecraft ?
At sunset and .;unrise that you c011ldn' t when you shaded b oth on e• s
s ' des . Herc n.p;ain it ' s the same kind of problem. We had something
or Llt wine tows; w had th _ rJl'.'ight nose of the spacecraft, the sun
was shining ori the spacecraft any1, Lu.ce 1 t event1 ally came into the
winclows ...... in the fo rm of money . And I , onc e or twice when we
were in free drifl. I could sees rneLhing bright up in the sky . I
coul n ' t Le t.1 you wheth r it was r1 _plan et or whether it was a star
or an.vt.hine: . Rut ,you • ve got a loL of light c oming into the space
c raf'L o n the drw :s · cte f'rom th sun .... d oe sn ' t have anyth ing to do
w.. h who.t ' s out there . It ha~ t o do with the fact that you ' ve got
11 lot o nooe <; L.Lck·i nv. out , ,y ou ' V (' got a l ot of window there was
som('Lh11 t1.1. on -t,h • w·indov, , n.nd even u · the re "Wll.Sn ' t any thing on the
w nd ,iw , tl1c l i 1.r11 I. com0.s 111 l.h wi 11dow f rom the su n and is reflected
n ro 1ir1d i.11 :;iJ, l.11- ~pa era l. . Yo11 ' v got sou rces of li ght just all
Belt l8 .2
over the place .
It foll ows, th en, if you switch that , I mean the next time is ter ical
and the next time was great .......... . that if you could get out in
the spacecraft at night, ...... .
You ' d sec a l ot more . You say it ' s "gre at " becau se you saw 7th
ma.gn • tude :-itars, l'.,1i t Ed and I oth proved th t w _ could see mor e
stars .Ly t11p; in an airplane at 40,000 fe et here on earth than we
could up there .
But Lhen if you want t o l ook at the diagolect ric exampl e, which is
p:eomeLrical y ext nded ob ec L--you ' re l ooki ng through this little
narrow an,lc r estriction wher .as if you ' d ·gone out s ide you could see
this clong~Led phenomenon with ease -- th e same with l ooking at meteors ....
You ' r e making some conclusi ons ri ght now that we 're not -- haven'.t made-
nor maki ng .
Well I 'm t r ying t o get your impress i on as to whether--
And I ' m not sur e befor e when you were t al king ab out the dayglow
of what conclu sion you drew from what I said . Are you t rying t o
imply Lh at ther e ' s a differenc be lMeen a ni ght sky and a day sky
whic h 11.r 01>vio1Jsl.y ..•..... or b t ween the slcy and the ground in the
<layt: i rr11' ?
I ' m L r y i ng 1. > J'lnd irt l1ow w 11 yo,ir seeing conditions w .re compared
l.o 1.lif, M rc 1u·y c t· ew ' s .
llh -h1 l t .
J\nd tl e i mplication that I get i thaL the i mplication is the same
condiLion in the dayt ime with i errical probably becaus e of the
way th spaccc r-aCt ·s shnped an mult iple scattered l ight .
Belt 18 3
I think you ' r drawing improp er conclus ions .
o. K .
I don ' t see why you say that the seeing condition s i n the daytime
were extr emely poor .
In t erms of visual accuity, for looking , for example at stars, -
Well , how ab out for tur ning down &nd looking at objects on the
gronn ..
Now that ' s visual acc11 ' Ly , also .
Yes .
And ·1 thoup;ht it was oulstanding .
Looking a L br ight obj ects , you ::,ee . Where you don ' t have a high
contrast required .
You mean on the ground they ' r e br ight , yes .
The n ther e is a high contrast requi red on the ground . If you ' re
l ooking out at a star, you know , you 've got a bright star against a
black sky . That ' s pr etty high contrast . The same thing l ooking
down at the ground . You ' re . ooki ng at a white road going across
a u:rk. fi0 Id . Yo1 can e those 1.hi.ne;s .
Y s , lrnt. t,IH' only :prohlem h re •i Lhat you 're l ooking thro gh a
ha:G • o r n ·cattered lay r of ljght. ...... sc att ering illto the sp ace-
crafi. or on Lhe window . For instance, the case if there's no
scat.t. red (frost) on th spacec r a When tha disappears at
nighL you can •·ec directly througl1 the window and yot r vis ual
sensitivity goes up Lo a maxim m o:f (phot ogr aphication ) .
Whict1 obvious y must have happened b ecause o the way things were .
Lei.. me t. 11 yoll what I think . I .link there are so many things
.he layer on the
Belt l8 4
windows , the light corning through, that I couldn ':t tell you whether
there ' s anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or
not . But I t hink that possibly , if we could find a long black
tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off
all t..he liv,ht inside the spacecraf t , I fe el that maybe I could look
t1p a.ncl T could have seen t he ulack sky ( and the stars ) .
Yeah , we didn ' t have t.,hat , so I wouldn ' t draw that conclusion from
what. I saw up t..here , All I can say is that you couldn ' t see up
and see t he stars in the daylight because of' all the se other
reasons . Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you
could . I wouldn ' t say f or sur e that that ' s r i ght . The point that
interests you when you ' re talking about accui t y, is t o look down
on the ground and you can see very small ob jects in the daylight .
So t hat with one is (r esolution ) and the other one i~ sensitivity
t o different l i ght levels . And I ' m talking about light levels from
Gemi ni , i n terms of having a niosy background .
I want.. you to be careful of the conclu sion that you made . You 've
p;ot thre e 1.hinr~:.: !.hat you ' re obviously tryinp; to make conclusions
out of', and 1 wunl. t,o be sure -t,ha1. you didn ' t make some of your own
con c:l 11slon:; out ol' t..hc:m. Out of !.h.is Mercury, they have Mercury,
and you ' :re p;oing t.o compa:rc Mcrcm·.v and Gemini observations and you
Look Lhe insiu.e- tlie- spncecraft observat ions and said at night it
was t-'. reat and. in the day time it was lousy . Well , in the daytime
I didn ' t, reel it, was l ousy . I dori ' i, know what standa rd you ' re com
parj ,,g it against. YoL1 ' re comparj ng it against Mercury . I think
,YO\J ' d be very car eful in d rawing that conclusion .
Ancl 1.i1c11 L!H ·r·e ' ~ rwot l1e r ll.rc a that. you want Lo make conclusions on
Belt 18 5
and Lhat ' "" vision o tside the spacecraft , and I (can make a compari son
betw en those t wo and I have al r eady ; but you can s ee clearer f rom
outside the spacecraft . And I was quite surprised at this be cau se
I had thr ee visors on : one of them was a left-hand visor which
isn ' I, h p: 11 on OJr\,ica.J pror>e rt~ies f'..tnd one o • them which is a sun
vl.:<Jr' whir:11 l!; 1,robo.lJI.Y pr tl.y r.1, d o,rti ally wj_ ha gold coo.ting
on • t. and Lhen a 1' ex1g ass which is very · l. igh in optical qualities .
And I felt as far as vision was concerned , I could sec better out
side the spacecraft and I ' d love t o be able to make <•ome fur ther
visua testing out and I think we p robably we 1 do this -- t ake the
visor s p, this type of work, later on . So you 're comparing three
ifferent things and I think we can definitely tell you some con-
cl sions between inside and outside a s far as Gemini is conc erned ,
I ' d L>e very caref\ 1 ap;a.inst sayintJ, that t he vision out of Mercury
was worse or e1.t r w· th r espect. Lo what we could sec out of Gemini
in th day . At ni~ht we were ab1c to see and compar e hi gh magni tudes
down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude sta re .
(The only th ing that )bothers me just a little bit i s you s aying because
Gordo said he could - he woke up in the daylight - pointed at the sky, he
could tell whether it was day or night , and t herefore it was an airglow.
Now I could wake up and tell whether it was a y or ni ght , too, but it
wasn ' t b •<;au ae t here was any airglow. It was becaus e I had sun in the
spa<: c;cr ft . And I think...... .
Gord lol.l • n.w. . . . .. . . ........... .......... in the daylight . So that's the
s ond inuic tion .
Eelt 18 6
Yeah} this is a unique situation. He happened to be in a situation where
the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light
ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently the r e
wasn't anything . He didn ' t fe el there was any and that he bad a good
opportunity. There ' s only one datum .....
( ·?) Two we re the re when they havc poor days.
Shade on the windows.
You know the stars are there; there ' s no question that they ' re up there
and if we make th conditions right we can s ee them.
Couple times I did see stars or planets or something in the daylight. I
co~ldn 't tcJl you what they were, what magnitude they were at all . All I
could t e ll you is that as we drifted around some random positions I could
see some sorts of light oming through the window.
I t hink the point that we tried to make also is we have been working on
Apollo and we know that stars and measurement of stars in the daytime and
the lighting conditions are very important. And on a routine operation
in this matter, the stars weren't there . This is the observation that I
felt I made and I think we've both been working in (guidance) . I think
this is whut Jim was driving at also . I was looking for them in the day
time becau::; I wanted to sc th m out there in the daytime; I didn't want
l,O sec th m 'ln a cloud (Apollo' ). But they were n't there to the extent
that J wm.uu 11 ke t,o b t.1.vc seen .
As n. mnttr-r o.l' fttct thnt was one or the reA.l surprise s we bad. They just
uren ' t out th<:r.. At lea.st they wer n 't out there in the configuration
WC • • .•.
You t .ca pnnsing star of a 1st or 2nd magnitude out there, that's not
1~o·Lng to <Jn you u bit of good as rnr as anything but saying "O, look, I
(ii)
Belt 18 7
see one " because you don 't have any idea what it is certainly can ' t get
into measurement .
Results of this ............. Maybe we can give Dr. (Ritch) a chance.
Did he hav any questions?
I was curious as to wh t th difference is between sunset and sunrise.
Well , particularly with respect to the shape of the sun and how much does
it spread out in lattit ude . Is it different for night and day?
We sort of concluded that the sunrise was prettier than the- no the sunset
was prettier than the sunrise . The sunrise s eems to be to my way of think
ing was more white and blue . But the sunset was many colors . A l ot of
ed. It i s red and blue. They were much prettier. I don ' t know why
because we ' ve got some movies with us .
Actually we do have some movies that we tried to vary on some of them the
perture and I think we ' ve got, at least at certain times during the film
ing, we 've got a fairly true representation of what's up there.The colors
in the pictures rea lly do look right and, in fact , I was pretty happy with
them. There are certain parts in there that give you pretty close to the
i mpression that w got , and I think these will also show you that the
sunset is u. little mar spectacular than the sunrise. Now there is one
th ing that certainly is different in the sunrise. When the sun comes, it
rally com.sup wjth SQch a much higher rate and it just booms right up and
bang it ' s light and a big ball of r·re from the sun comes up. Now when it
goe <lawn, Lhough, it ' 8 the rev, rs, and it kind of dies out slowly and you
,·o.n mt.1.yb ::ilt Lher and njoy and a bsorb the colors a little more . Maybe
that ' th reason . ... that the sunset is a little pret tier .
Belt 18
Is the sunset more billiant than the su..'trise?
Yes.
Contrast-wise?
Right .
How about the elongation?
Wait a se ond. When you say it's really . . .. . ... .
That was b rightness .
Sunrise 1s more brilliant.
Sunr1se is more brilliant. Up it comes .
See i t's dtirk a nd then the next thing it ' s light. It's really light.
Sunset seems to t ake longer and the gradation-
And more color.
More colorful.
What about the elongation and latitude? Is there a difference in sunset and
Does the s un squash down elliptical?
No . It doesn ' t move. It goes so . . . You .know .. . It takes about 4 seconds
to r everse the whole thing there and it ' s so bright, you don ' t notice it
squashi ng ..... .. ... . Did you?
No, I didn ' t . No, I ' ve seen a lot of peculiar sunsets and moonsets; the
s un l'tnd moon have ear s on them and t hings like that-
It' s a.11 du to t he t hi ·k amount of atmosphere that you're going in.
It all go s pretty quickJ.y and I didn ' t notice that the sun came up in
any different shape was set, but it may have .
You know, one t hing on t he f ilms when you see them, the bottom pa.rt looks
like the rcfle t i on o something, either in the lens or - I don't think
' . .
Belt 18 9
it ' in the proce sing - must be in the lens under the film. The - down
at the bottom part ki nd of duplicates and lets magnitude look on top and
that's really not fair . It doesn't reflect down and what you see is only
on top .
Did you see any difference between moonsets and moonrises?
No, I dido ' t .
Did you see any (classing) .......... of t he moon?
The elongation that you see?
No. I didn't . I didn ' t notice any.
I thought the interesting thing, too, about the moon is that clarity - t hat
I
you see it ' s quite clear whe·n you l ook at it here, but also it just looked
l i ke a little silver globule going down. It just goes right down. You
have no scanning or anything associated with it .
And no ....... , either.
That 's right, it goes right down . And also, your vieWing of the stars
beyond my cpmment on this earlier doing this. It doesn't obscure your
vieWing - the moon being up there doesn ' t particularly bother you as far
as the ( stars?) ...... .
Then you could always tell where the horizon was because of the stars
which you know appeared.
And then the airglow.
Could you also tell from the stars? ...... sort of a supplemental picture
of the horizon from the stars?
Belt 19 1
... the air e:low .
Can y ' all Lell il' i t ' s dark? Some little (Supplemental ? Sublimal?)
pi c t11 r c o f f,he ho r i.zon 't
Well jf yo ,; watched a certain star , you could tell whe n it went b elow
Lhe horizon . You J·ust can ' t look out ther e and say, "O. K. , that ' s the
hor izon . " IL depends ·on the stars. Now, y ou can look out there and
::,ay, " O. K. , now , that's the horizon ; not because of the stars . "
n ecausc of the luck of the s tars ar,d also the air glow.
And a l so t lnmd(':r·sLorms on the hor izon ..... .. .. (of the Lark? )
prov es that you can get. i t ( pictures?) . But you never can say that
and I never would evet' say that, I c o 1,1ld t ake a p encil and d raw a very
l'ind I. i ne o.nd say U,aL ' s the horizon at night,. As a matter of fact,
in the clay Lime, c:i t her .
Did you ge L the point. that Edward made about the moon , though , that
when you loo k at it f rom even far and high, you can see all these s tars .
You see t h e moon ; but you don ' t s ee ,just the light of the moon . You
see a l ot of glow a ro1rnd it . . .. And f rom on earth . But up in or bit
1 didn ' t sec any glow around i t . I saw the l i ght --I saw the moon .
Right next t o H was dark.
Ther e ' s not,h in~ armind j1, , It ' s ~har p .
l~vco wh en yo11 :l<-e u aha.r p rjm her e: on ea.rth--Yon see, if the moon were
her e nnd wu:-: L11a L b,iµ; 11.rounct. J ' rt Lend to see glow around her e.
C:ver1 wr1cn Uie moot1 is i-n (venus?) You do a t Lime s .
Tha t depeHds on the humidity on a clear n i ght .
Normally when Lhe moon ' s out on a c:lear n i gh L, y ou have a lot of h aze
and stuff around it . (that ' s noL Lhere ? ..air?) which you ' d expect
when ,vou ' t·e out, of t he atmosphere . You know, we received a picture
in t.11c ma i I whi(•t1 Lr .von ,'tt1::;L , t1a v.Lu1-'. been o n a space fli ght , I think
Belt 19 2
it. mc::nns a little more Lorn .... now thai, I th · nk ab out it .
Expec • ally n.s yo11 look at i L row and thE: artist has t aken these thing s
and he ' s p ut them in very clearly on a stark black backgrou nd-- and
you k.now and yo u say , " Gee , sn ' , Lha t artificial loo king ?" But that's
not rLif <..:ial loo king . That ' s the way it ally doe s loo k . The
rnoon ' :~ n I.her n a. :1La k hla k. l>·· ck.µ;rotmd ( and the other artists
should [pr;1,inL ] J.ik. U1at . ) I ' cJ like to ask CoJonel White what color
was h .i s ( w::1.!,ch) ( uL sh )
.T st s · lvery whiLe ................. I suppose .
. . . . . . . . . . . " Dr . (Acre )"- -
I take i t yo would not have any tro uble findin e the sun i f you were
to try orienting at som angle with r espect to this ..... .
You w uldn ' t hav e t o do too much ,·e arching if you wanted t o l ine up
with Lhc sun in orde r to ....•
No N >. Yo1i can 1~ ne ally tell wh ·re it is by the brightness. The
.:;rune holds Lr11e wilh ~ln (open lo.nd.ing).
You c1n find it on tt1 way in . It's easier ·-r you ' ve got an att i tude
rcfer cnc w· Lb iner1.ia1 rcferen e,3 working and you just go up ther e
und s woop ,•t<.:ross Lhe sky and yon cn.n find it . nut if you ' ve got to
/1; L l ip . • .
You 'v e: ,~o t Lo v,o find i t w·tho11 nny refere nces (out in the spa.ce
r:r a f'L) , I 1;:ucs j f yo11 g t o n the l1ori zon an get a ll set and then
start. a _pj 1.c11 raL , or somet'n • n{;: _yo11 o..;a,n 0 0 find it . ut when y ou 'r e
dri f'L i n1 ~ rr·ccly ., u.nd you on ' L know 11rhich way is d own, you s imply end
11 p l 001<. i 111-'. 11 p a I. 1.hc :~k.Y and you cl o 1 ' t know how to get o the local
11 ir.izont..<.1.l--i I. rni (.'. ld. I>(, r · 1-'.llL t.hc r 1• ~n your _p lane here and yo 're
Belt 19 3
not s 11re 1m Li l _yo11 :-- LarL loo kJ n v, for it l i ke this and you can search
around for a long Lime .
You ca s arch a l ong t · mc ...
And never get back do wn to the horizon, but if you es t ablish (a
per rate ) wel l you can get the e . 'rh e b i g thing is how mu ch f u el
you ' v p;ot. Lo expend .
You ~e r'i b•:hL on the 'h orizon ancl p · c k up ...... Mi l ky Way we l l i t can
help you ... we 1 you can geL I.here . The big 'Lh:i.ng is how muc h fu el
you ' vc g ot 1.0 cxpr:nd . You get, ri gh t.. on t h e horiz on and pick up ....
Milky Way, 1veJ. i L can he lp yo11 .
Dr . (Ayer) , 1. think we ' re p; •t1,ing clos e t o time t o go home here
In r e g a r d Lo your (me ter ) pror•:ra!l'I ( in your notes that y ou made in
t he auditor ium ) c ould you mo.kc any re commendati on s a s t o the new
make - up ot· th at meter progr am?
I think Ed and I hav e a cormnon -recorrnnend ati on th at we don ' t f l y many
mor e flights in GMI' and elaps e time at t h e s ame t ime . We ' ve got a
oner al p roblem Lo kinda s ort all this stuff out , and I think we
our~ht Lo r J.v Lhc s Lhings jn allot. - time s ... I think that ' s the one
r: i.nv.J e r comm II a1.ion we ' cl muk, Llin.t·. s ands head and shoulders ab ove
J ot.ber <HILS . 'f' r,yin t, L orrel!:d. t he time is very t ough .
H yond thal, wo uld you say that you c ould make re commendation s as
Lo make - up of Lhe ... hoo ks?
T tho1 ghi. Lhr! 1;ooks -w re 011Lst.andj 1l~~ and I th ink that make - up mod i fie s
t.lli.s sui L Lo c rl. aln wrij te a,, 1.h way we ought to g o at t hem .
I think }wy ' re out tandin~r, , too , an , of c ou rse , Ed and I design ed
4
Belt 19
Lhc.:rn , r.o w<' ' rc p r1:.!11di ~<:d . llu J[u l!1c.1. . No , ,1,; a. matter of f act ,
w<: huvr• i.1. 1· . i Et,h t, plarlCl<:r ove:r in U1e spacecraft center . You roll
Lhr ee limes dur in1~ flight --You roll (when you come down to ) l iftup
f rom the luPnch 1iases which you ho.ve never loo k ed at and about
20 hourc Jal.er 'Ne rolled a round fo r 20 hou r s --I never even got it
Lo 20 (her e )
Jus t part of re- entry we rolled i t around some more and then gave
up 70 hour s .
(We milked some stuff o n it ) . Storm b ooks are real good. Excu se
me , l et me see these hooks . We have a boo k like thi s . To do any
r eal Lime f'light planning , you have t o have acces s to the --every
Lhirw.-- all al once , and you don ' t want to h ave t o get e very some
Lhinµ; on a r oller when _y ou ' ve ,<(ot Lo roll t hroup;h i t l ike t his . If
you want to know what ' s going to happen in 9J hours, you just open
the hook up and turn over t o 9J hours . Then if y ou want t o compare
tha t with say 40 hour s --you want t o have a comparison t here , you
can ' t f o this on a roller f i l m. Unless you ' ve got some quick a ccess,
u way of get,tine; that our like y01J had y ou r own sor t of a meteor
rrucr ofilm.
Uid you take notes on your b ook, sir?
Yes, we dj d . ·1 Lli.i.nk one i,hi.n~~ thut we did decide on is that the
l..i.mc-sc:ale:; Lha.t we hu.vc ill our .flight plan here a re- - neith er one
c>l' t,t1cm a:t'c' exactly ri.1<h t. The ear·l y par t o r the mission was highly
<'xpu.11dc.•<l ; Llw L~1t.Ler _pn.rt was we.she'd down a. J ittle . I think we have
::l.x '1011 rs p<·r paf'.C in I.he latt,er s U1ge and we ha.ve an hour per p a ge
Belt 19 5
in the early s tage . I think probably three nours per page or some
thing l ike that would give us more room t o write the notes .
!Ias tha t book been reprodu ced?
Yes, it has . Ther e are copies f o r everyone .
L<--:t me a.al< you one her e . Do you think you c o11l.d hold half a degr ee
1n piLcl't on I.he ni/.~ht hor·i,100 w:l th the radical?
!.lur e . ,Jus L do it on the top of the air glow layer and you ' d have
no t rouble a.Lall .
You wouldn ' t need a filter , or anything .
No . You <lon ' t want. to make the air go away or any dimmer . And the
sight i s (clifficult ) as it is and it ' s adequate to use at ni ght .
But t.hen you could Lake pictur es , otherwise .
Take picture:; at. p;unslght,.
Wha1. ,,ere .vou r-;oine; to do when you held thi s '?
'L'he sharp point,, i~; dovm , antl for tunately , it was a crunera now
designed ll.Y Spacecraft . IL ' s a fl11sh- mounted camera for G'r5 and
diap;onnally , push down the right window , so the camera is l o oking
np Like thi.s . i:o the spacecraft is on over at an angle like this .
Jt, ' s not u 4-s a1,elliU· camera is ,1haL I 'm s ayi ng . So while the point
js probably 1~oo<i , I ' d ltatc to sec I.he thin!!. get out that 0 . K. we
can p11ll 011I, t,tlc ~Like . I Uke Lhi:' way it ' s certainly designed .
/\c:t.11;.111 y, 1.11cr1: ' s more · Lo i1, than l.11at . The experimenter will go
(1
wi L.1 1 11 10 , ·11C \.lir·o11j.-'J1 U1c SM.rLi11ct1. L l.ighL , so Lhis has nothing t o
do 1,1i I.Ji t.11<' cxp,: ri.rnc111. nnymor c . 0 1il.Y one time it did .
/\nd yui1 al :;o tinvc ot.hcr Lho.n JusL a f ipper on the radical you could
3elt 19 €,
hold . . ....... .. . 'l p oin l u ,
I ' d l ike to et your feeling on calciu m b alan ce comi n g up on the
seven . .... wh a t do y ou think h ow i t will affec t your post - flight .
I don ' t know how it 's g oing t o affect your postflight, but I know
i t ' s r~oing to be a real p roblem. You ' ve just got a lot of things
Lo do . Thr!r c a.re a lot of t hinp; s that can ' t be done unt il two
week s b e ·or e the f' .li gh L. I f you r,i;c;t involved in the b it data-
p;ath ct·in ., x rd ses befor e the ·1 • 1-'. ht , I think that it could indeed
,jeo:pm·d h . 1.hc whole l i gh t... This i s my p e r::;ona1 OJ)i ni on . I s ort
of Lho p,;ht LhaL ::;om of the medi cu.l c :x:aminat ·· a ns that we had should
be inovccl hack ear· Lier . W had n IJif.'. medi cal examination at FlTA and
that ' s one of those few days we go1. a lot of at.h er thing s that
s h o uld. be Lakin , p lace a nd I car ' 1. see tha t my p hysical condi ti on
changed in the l as t wee k . Except maybe I got s l eepier . Bu t I jus t
fe el th at when y o u put all the se Lh ings into the last couple weeks ,
you real l y - - t he guy s t.h at are flyin g the fli ght --have got to get
ready and the r e ' s almost a n ' nfinjte amo nt of work to do . You just
(~an ' 1. do i. I. ul 7 , a.nd i L you t ake t. i rn e for d ata- g at hering exerci se s,
I sot'\. of f' cc:I U11.1t. it. .ieop nr i 7.e "' t.r1e s u cc ess of t he who l e flight .
YOL1 t.hink .v oI I <·u11 l<l -- u110\.IH: r q 1H' S1 , ion --Do y o, th ink i f you had a
cern"n1 i.n I.t i(: ri 1..;l 1L wi1 1<1 ow w t.h tt ::wizzle s t .ick arr ang ement f or
p 11.(· !1, do .voI I U1 i1 il\ c;ou ld t. · l sc.: op,· :;U,cs c o11 ld l ock ont o h ave
r·ont r· ii bc:t.Lc• r 11ll.cll t.hnn .Y u eou ld with a. r i,v:i<.l mounted c amera
You ' n' talkinl,'; ulJ uL n c on\. r- ol 01 · I.he mounting f or the camera .
A con LroJ <>I' t,h • pit, r1 ; u conLro I o r th e mm n t, und th pit ch .
Bel t 19 7
L, Lr1 i r. a. li n I 1. - j ckd, - :~ >Ck , f. t.yp0 oJ' .)unkhcwl or som<: ,hlng .
rt. ' :; 110I. 1, 1>1,1.l 11nd c H:kcL , bid. 1;1. p i tch ..... f'o:r ho1ding a pitch atti -
t.u
Oh , or the a i r ~low.
l•'or the ai:r glow yes .
'l'his 1✓ onld be for on minute phot 1~r t'tph i n g .
Wow . T ' d haLe to be u
You mechan j z' l t wiLh n low- speed .le tr oni dr j v e and a r heostR.t
Lype J r i v c or it .
No . Mani ally . A manual swi vel , Let ' s d o sound effec t s f or the go od
old
Yeah ...• Elr oy T . V .' s char g i ng , you ' r e not going t o have more t han
20 minute exposur e o f nie;ht air .
Ha Ha Ha We ' r e .,afe I.here , ar en ' t we . Ha Ha Ha
A. swiv I sUck h,re in the right. coming out ; you hav e au thori ty
t.ak ·n on 1, d .lff(•rc•nl, one .
l,urr.v , did .vu 11 L 11 I k t.0 Lh m 11b ut l.tw North ern lights below the
I trj c~rl. to .
Oh , exec U.Pn L . xc I I nt .
I ju:; L cove r .d fl f'ew I it LI(' l.hin g :,; and I surely would 1 i k e to hear
.vour <'omm ·n t. s nb o1 1t t. I 1e um I would J o ve to , Venus .
Yca.ci 11, "' w<' .r rc;tl I y imprc• sr;e<l 1-.ri Lh the p l anet Venus up there and
W(! l.nol\ '"'On11· p'ir l 11 r r; of' j L nnd i I. di c ome 0 11t with about ½the
Belt 19 8
magnjL de o.nd ri ll ianc e that it r e ally appears p the r e . It ' s
a beautiful si ght . Afte r the dark up t here , it ' s very b ri l li ant
and mu ch more large as fa r a s I was concerned and brigh t in magni
tude than anythjng I ' v e seen looki ng f rom the ground .
( Me r cury) proved v ery, v ery -pretty.
[ be, _yo u r·nugh a pho .ov,r aph , t o o .
Yeah, .i st ........ you know a.nd y ou 've jus t --
Yeah , Lhe colors on those Lhingc .
Th t:, Lar s t.hat w Look. on Lhe r ound we r e n ' t ,oo graphi c .
Di y 11 , cv r s ,e --
1
1\la ck .
Was t,her e myth ing else?
Black o.cll;a) y looked beautiful and this :i, s the way the sky l ooks .....
rhe sky 's black ,
1
t iL ' s a b e autil'ul black background . Bu t that
d oes n ' t come out on the pictur e .
Wa s he r a i c al any good in the d a:,y ?
( Hasistas ) would be br ' ghter t han it is .
/\b out. Lwice ns bright .
Twicr bri~hL .
You ou l J ~:t'<' •t on t.hc-' !:(.rm nd .
I f' yo,1 nn ' t. •·c, 11. n 1.h c~nus' I.hat ' s t he big thing he r .
Yo1 ,·cHiJcl :.i•c : j t <m Lhe lr1nd .
You c·rn I t1 :w,· j L HI t.lw I and 1:in!I L11e wat.c:r . It was f j ne . But
when .YOl ·r·0ss Ltle cros"c)oud 1 t. hi11k we oue;ht t o have two r ing s
of r · 1•:hLnc:,s .
You know r i ~~ht. now i L' c ve r y brigh !. and just t h - next beat tannic als
look v <·r,y dirn nnd t.hC'n _you ' v<' 1-~o t t v;rn,dat · on of dims .
Belt 19 9
thir1k the dim g r adat •i_on is excellent .
th:i nk we nr!ed 11. l j t1. L. variation of brightness .
[; id you f .i.r d any di ff e rence in the two windows ? Di d you s e e any
ventieral d ifferenc~ in tho se two windows ·?
We co1lldn ' t, chang places . Ha Ha l[a.
::iec T l ooked in m•i ne , he) looked i n his , and t here wasn ' t any way
in tile world that we co uld --
You ou d ' g et near enough to st art a ration ?
1 o. N . Yo u really can ' I. .
fndepen enL of yo 11r r at.ion . You ' r pretty safe to ch e ck your radi
r:t.11 hri.p;ht.ncss a.g ulnrt 1,h . bri p:h t <.: lo d right on the earth .
You know on 1l. brighL day like Lhi:;; .
Shoot , t hey said it was che cked again s t the snowb ank .
You can ' t bank there . You ' re in trouble .
Un less ,here ' s a ............. .
A couple of Li.mes I was looki ng f or it .
'T'hose wer dirty St . Louis snowbanks . ( snowguns '? ) Ha Ha Ha
0 . K. , 1 ,hin k ... . .. the more you want to say . If you ' 11 wrap it
uµ . J Lh;i 11k b0L w 'rt tl1 i G mor n i n1.,~ a nd ,Jim and Ed ' s comments this
urtc::r11 )On w,, cu11 t·xl. r o.(:L v r yl.fl • n1•· we )res nt, ...... .
I 'd I i k., t.o :: a.v '.; rn eth ·· ng . The~ wn.v it l ook s rip:ht nov1 you have 11
1 -xperirn •nt :; 1.tn<.J e v , ryon of' them i,: o. t otal s1 cces s . Ther e i s no
indicn1.jori LhaL 1.h r ' s any hine: , nny anomaly and there ' s no indi -
cation that. th r e w· L be any anomnly . Ju st a q1ick l ook . ... . ... .
C r ta i 11 ly 11OLhi1t oper uLion 111 , I me n it ' s no t operational. ...... .
'f'hcrc· ' r: nol. h.i.n~i: uL u U . Now yo u ' v ' go a cou le of equipment pro
!, I m:; , h11L .vn11 r •x1><' . I.C'd Lhnt ·1 ' m !.ol:.; . It was pe r ec as far as
.
Belt 19 10
experiments go . 'l'here was nothing hat could have bee n done to
improve it . This is t he way the guider shows i t ; this is the way
the mock- up ...... .
~ven the experiment you didn ' t have a very successful flight . . Ha Ha Ha .
Well , we ' ve got how many more . ... 8 mor e to go, huh . Ha Ha .
What , ........... .
No , flights .
End of tape .
"' Notes from the De-Briefing transcript
eteors:
Both cDivitt and hite 1 tioned seeing a number of rn teors bel w
them: e sa quite a fe f all end burn up bolo our cltitude . 1hey wore bout
on half to on third as high as re were hen they ere conswn d. . e /n er
aaw one bove us . 11 { short d s if.,'()
As the acco p',nyin..~ plots of numb rs of meteor a ainst the onths of thef
r sho s the oun of meteor activity in e rly June is at a r ther lo
p206 *Fig. l(Ro chta plot of Olivier data from S ithsoni n Contrib . t o Astrophys .N
level, b1,.:gdnn to rioe very hortly alter that to rds ll peak in u ust .
on th average from to altitude
Re rdless of their bri htness/meteors ap or 40 and 60 miles/in the earth 's
sphere. Bri"ht rn toors ares en to reach about 40 miles , rhereas wct8kkx
lar e fireb· lls may still e seen as lo I as 20 miles or so .
Th ver· , hei'.;ht th ou11.hout the ath is r ter for f aint r eteo nd
for thos of h h v.locitie . Actually the hr' ht objects r lar er and hence
tr vol further tofore they re conn d1 often tr veling fo r sev ral hundr d
iles b for they r consum d.
Planets
The pilot re rked that"the pl ets or o clear nd br' ht , 11 nd later
th t 11 a11 the sun"ets h d the plan t in it •" Th y have in f ct r corded Venus
in the oriion bands on one of their sunset pictures . t thot date V nus Qllbc
as still clos to the sun being (angul r dist;nce·t)Sup. conj . A r.11) bout 15de •
cast of the sun (eve . star). On the color print S-65-34771 them ge of Venus
can be distictly seen amid the horizon bands .
..
Zodiacal Light
~ Jae Divitt and ,hite ,ere taking 16 rnti. movies DK1u:d;i1Q5
be.fore one 11 capsule da m11 when they noic d ttie zodiacal light and described
it u thus , "it was a shaft of light and a long tine before the sun came up. 11
On the ,round observ rs can note tho cone tot light in the eastern sky or
•
western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 de~~ ( about and hour
after sunset or an hour before sunri e.) Pilots t 40,000 feet o~n follo it for
a lon1er span since they are , rray from disturbing city lights •
Condition of tho ii.do
\
\
\
The G....n rlni optical window is quite superior to tho Jrcury indo,,. None-
~
the less the pilots note that 11 both their windows ere fog YJ" nd at one
point durin~ EVA ,hite :rubbed his sleeve accid nt·-lly on JirllSs, ~dow
smud~~na
-~-o it - probably parti lly rcmvlinr the silicon ·D.m.
-
~
.
• I
l :3 G
MEASURE REL STATIC CHARG L y
TAP · PLYBACK BLOOD PRESSURE (P)
3-1, 4-1 UPOAT S
B
1~40 D
EGRESS PREPARAT IO~
A
U NS l"OW A r-..~D I,,\ TTACH
UMBJL)CAL
Y FITTING·~
EMER Oz PACK
1 ~ 50 MANEUVER UNl
CAMERA ~, w
- 2:00
ALIGN PLATFORM rn
NULL REL VEL
T
2: 10 A I
N
N
2:20 I
e. .e. • f;. BL OOD PRESSURE (C) COMM G
~
3: S-'f / / GO/ ~FOR EVA
CHECK
H
I 11""
fl-f-b_,, ~
'}). / '/o 2:30 T
_c)!.v---(
DEPRESSURI ZATION
2:40
MAINTAIN PRIMARY O PRESS
WITH MANUAL HEATER 2 (850 - 925 PSIA)
C
T
CLOSE WITH BOOSTER N
2:10
H
A
w
OPEN HATCH
AND
STAND UP
3:00
c~. t,
3:00
EG RESS S/C G
y
T M
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X C
3:10 N
V
INGRESS S/C
CLOSE HATCH N
REPRESSURIZE S/C T
3:20
ALIGN PLA FORM
A
3:30 s
C
SEPARATION AV .-5 FT /SEC
COMPLETE INGRESS I
CHECKLIST
3:40 p J
R
f T
A
N N
3:50-
.G
H
~
D/T TAPE PLYBK T
I
4:00 MEDICAL DATA
PASS TYPE 1
4: 10
4:20
D/T TAPE PLYBK MEDICAL
DATA PASS
TYPE 2
4:80
~
6:00 INITIATE TERMINAL REND PHASE A
MEASURE ll.V REQ ID
G
6:10 y
T M
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X C
-
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i 6:20 V
CLOSE WITH BOOSTER A
PHOTOGRAPHS DURING APPROACH N
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6: 30
INCREASE SEPARAT ON WITH
BOOSTER PRIOR TO DARKNESS
6:40 rn
N
p I
R
6: 50 E G
T
A H
N
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7:00
7; 10
7:20
GO/NO GO FOR AREA 18-1
- 7:30
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4:40 T M
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4: 50 A
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5:00 ~ ,J., \, V
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5:20
A I
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5: 30
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5:40
ALIGN PLATFORM
5:50 D/T TAP PLYBACK C
s
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MON TOR BOO TE RELEV
:00
7;3u
0/T TAPE PLYBK
7:40
MANEUVER UPDATE
7:50
8:00
ALIGN PLATFORM
8: 10
N
SEPARATION AV .- 5 FT/ SEC I
8:20 p G
SEXTANT BOOSTER/STAR R
H
OBSERVATION
T T
A
8:30 FLASHING ,GHT EVAL. N
8:40
8:50
9:00
NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS
HP/HA
Point of After Direction Translational
Application AV Maneuvers of Thrust Thruster Purpose
SECO +30 5 Posigrade Aft SIC-Booster Separation
5 86/153 Retrograde Aft Station-Keep on Booster
Beginning of
3rd Rev (3:33) 5 88/154 Posigrade Fwd S/C - Separation
·1
I
99 min. later 12.5 82/153 Retrograde Aft Rendezvous Maneuver !
(5:12) 4th Rev (Start intercept -1
76 min . later 21 86/150 Posigrade Various Terminal Phase/Braking
(6:28) 5th Rev
106 min: later 12 93/150 Posigrade Aft Orbital Lifetime Adjust - ,5 days
(8:14) 6th Rev
l,5th or 16th Re] *~'rAdjust lifetime - 4 days
30th Rev
45th Re v
25-30
} Various Adjust lifeti me - 3
Ad just lifetime - 2 days
days
62nd Re v +llO Aft Achieve OAMS Retrofire
( or 66th Rev~':)
1"': Lifetime Adjustments will be minimum requiried
~·: For Pacific landing
+ If available
0:00 C
N
A NCH
SEC0+30 S/C SEP-5 FT/SEC B V
NULL REL VEL- 5 FT /SEC (340 FT SEP) D
Y-AW 180°
A
INSERTION CHECKLIST 2-1 UPOAT
0: 10
ALIGN PLATFORM
CNTL MODE CK COMM. CH CK
0:20 DUMP LAUNCH DAY U INE BAGS
.SUlT Nr£GR-ITY CHECK
K
N
0
CH-E-CI'- A BIAS
0:30
0;4-0
NULL REL VEL
WITFI 13UOSTER rn
N I
RADIATOR - FLOW
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0:50 GO/NO GO FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT) G
UNSTOW 'CAMERAS
rn H
T
1:00
1; 10
rn
l: 20
CLOS · WITH BOOSTER
ESTABLISH FORMATI ON FLIGHT PROCEDURE
l :30
FCk EVA 'P'ASS BASED ON BOOSTER ANGULAR
RATES
m M
Dr . J . B. BlijfMf,R • Meta llurgy
DE VER R SEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIV RSITY OF DENVER
ox 87. 6, Denver, Colorado 80210
\
Cf!- Lf P:1/~
, ~ - kl--,__ - Rik-
f
Astronauts Track Missile in Space
In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gen1ini 5
By Howard Simons and appeared to have mas- man missile from Vandenberg
Washllliton Po• t Slat! Writer tered the temperature-regu- Air Force Base in California.
HtOULSTOGN, dAug.C24-ASlJro- lating mechanism, which was 'Ihe 65-foot Minuteman was
nau s . or on ooper r. . . th '
and Charles Conrad Jr. g1vmg them e chills and launched at 12:37 a.m. (EDT), ~
spotted, tracked and photo- c_auslng then:i to shiver, par- as part of a missile combat i
graphed a Minuteman inter- tlcularly durmg sleep. crew training mission. Shortly
continental ballistic missile AS t ronaut Ja_mes McDivitt after the ICB 1 was off the ~
launched from California to- ~alled ~t a "typical" day, dur-
day as their Gemini 5 space- mg which the astronauts were pad Conrad spotted it. .
. f
craft orbited the earth. catching up with their experi- The Minuteman was flying t
"I see it, I see it!" Conrad ments. Some of these were a path 155 statute miles north
shouted as the missile succ"ssful; Others were not. of Gemini 5' path. The point 1
streaked through space on its Cooper had repaired his of closest approach to the 1
way to a watery target in the faulty reticle, or gunsight, spacecraft was 201 miles. At
Pacific. which helped the astronauts the time Conrad and Cooper 1
For two minutes the astro- better to pinpoint targets in tracked the missile, they were 1
nauts watched the Minuteman. space .and on the ground. 125 miles above the earth'sc; sur-
Conrad took six pictures of Hence, they took a beat-sens- face. 1
it. At the same ti~e, an _in- ing measm:emenJ of the star Questions Rai ed 1
!rared or heat-sensmg device Deneb, which they were un- 1
recorded the kind and amount able to do the day before. The The fact that the hcat-sens
of heat being emitted by the astronauts also have photo- ing measurements and the
solid-fueled ICBM-a thousand graphed the mysterious zodia- photographs of Minuteman
of which constitute the bulk cal light, which is thought to and other targets are being •
of America's strategic nuclear be a backscattering of light conducted for the J:?efense De•
punch. from dust orbiting the earth. part~ent has raised some
Conrad and Cooper con- . . questions here.
tinue to circle the earth in Trouble m Spotting The problem, essentially,
their fourth day. They have Attempts to see giant 2000x seems_ to be th_is:
already been granted permis- 2000-foot eye charts on the ~a!,i~nal policy h:is cast the
sjon to continue their journey ground near Laredo Tex activities of the National Aero
for anoU1er day and Gemini have been less successful. Ai: 11:aut~cs and Space ~dministra
ojficials see no current prob- though they could see smoke tio~ m a peaceful light. _Great
lems that might foreshorten from smoke pots set out to care h~~ been taken to divorce
an eight-day mission. If all help t!lem pinpoint the Laredo th e m~li~3!Y aspects of space
goes well, the astronauts will charts, they first missed the from ci~illan program, notably ,
pass the four-day mark at charts altogether and then saw sp;ie f/;t~t e:~orr .
r o u g h 1 y 10 a.m. •(EDT) two that they misidentified. . e n
th
° m ormat10n be-
Wednegday. More visible to the orbiting mg ~a ered by Cooper a~d
" " " . ., sightseers were contrails from Con~ad. does have po~~nbal
Dull and Typical three airplanes near Jackson- application for the nuhtarr.
Today was variously de- ville, Fla., "and all the streets The challenge, t~erefore, 18
sen"bed a~ "du ll" , ''typ1ca,
· l" i·n 1·t (J acksonv1-11 e), an d th e Whether them"lit
preclude all Nat10n •should
tT
and "busy " Cape (Kennedy) and all the . . i ary sei_en 1 ic
- • d t l\". •., and engmeermg expenments
Flight Surgeo_n Ch a r le s way own o ~m~u. from ASA's activities
Berry charactenzed the day But the experiment that •
as "dull,'' which he explained caused the most excitement Chronology of astronauts'
is "a good day" medically. was the successful tracking by fourth, day in orbit.
The astronauts were "alert" the astronauts of the Minute- Page AIO.
y
THE WASHINGTON POST Thur5dar: ~~'· 26, 1965 All
Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini's Power ical Storm Doreen in the Pa•
111 a Washlnc to n Post sta.H Writer Conrad will have been in tinuously, ran out of gas. Just astronauts are expected to the skin sensors in his suit Conrad was told to get some Weather Burea~
HOUSTON, Aug. 25 - A space longer than any other how much this reduces the land in the Atlantic Ocean were more irritating than the sleep.
cific as an experiment for the
.
The 66th or~, ~:h b~a:
1la\1ari'an
RESTAURANT J ..
new problem aboard the Gem• human. When the astranauts value of the experiment is not off Bermuda at 10:27 a.m. bear~. "~ete's ~pressure) ,cuffs at 5:2: Ptn;·:02 ~ th w68fh Celebrari,, -
ini 5 s~aft and a new pass Cosmonaut Valery F. yet known. Sunday. are 1tchmg him a lot,' he 65th Orhit-3 :50 p.m. ~nnina t 8_36 e tly y~ '
. Bykovsky's 1963 endurance Discussing another medical noted. egi g _a • •. apparen 727 11tt,,.
Amer1can.--t11an-in-space record record of 119 hours, it will also matter Dr. Berry said there Round-by-Round Story . 9 29 Cooper photographed Trop• were relatively quiet.
~o~inatef tooay's orbital ac- ~ark the first time that Am_er- was absolutely no concem over Of Gemini. 5 Flight 61st Orbit- : a.m.
tivities fl astronauts L. Gor• 1ca has wrested a ma3or the fact that apparently only Cooper and Conrad watched ar.:
don Cooper Jr. and Charles manned space flight record one astranaut has had a bowel HOrJ_STON, Aug. 25_ (UPI) the firing of a. rocket sled at
Conrad JJ'. from Russia. movement over the last four Here is a chronological OC· Holloman Air Force Base,
Too much nondrinking wa- There were these other days of flight. Indeed, accord- coun! ?f the activities of the N.M. "There it goes, we see
ter is t,dng produced by Gem- highlights today: ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts Gemini 5 Astronauts: it!" cried Conrad. "We could
ini's fut1 cell ,and threatens to • Cooper and Conrad saw could maintain their present . see it very well, we were right
flood the power-producing and recorded a second Min- regimen for eight days with- 56th, 57th Orbits on the money with the track•
cell. --To stem the flow of ex• uteman intercontinental bal• out ill effect. No voice contact was estab- ing," Cooper reported. Th e
cess water, Gemini officials listic missile fired from Cali• Fu 1 C 11 P bl lished with the spacecraft dur· astronauts used infrared de-
decided to reduce the amount fornia . They also saw and re- e e ro em ing its 16th orbit, which begao tection devices to measure ra•
of J:!(>Wet used by the astro· corded a rocket sled test at As for the f~el . cell wat~r at 1:30 a.m., and during the diation from the rocket's en•
nauts fot experiments. Hollomon Air Force Base in PI"?blem, what is mvolved is 57th the ship's track took it gine.
Flight Director Christopher New Mexico. And, after sev- this: out of range of most of the
Columbus Kraft does not re- eral previous and unsuccess• Fuel cells convert oxygen tracking stations. 62d Orbit-II :03 a.m.
gal'd the problem as serious. ful attempts, they got a good and hydrogen gases into elec• .
The asta-onauts still will be look at the aircraft carrier tricity, heat and water. The 58th Orbits
able to orbit for eight days. Lake Champlain. fi
.At the begmnlng of the or•
more power the fuel cell is With both astronauts awake, bit, Cooper _and Con~ad
They still will be able to per• "I can see her turning big- asked to produce, the more Gemini Control at Houston re• spotted the i::craft ~arri~r t I•
form their planned experi- ger than heck,'' was the way of these byproducts it pro- layed a long list ef experi- ~ake C':13mp stellJ!Ung m
ments. What will be limited Conrad put it. duces. ments for them to perform. circles in the Atlantic near
in the remaining days of the • The astronauts took some Similarly, lesser demands Cooper reported that the tight Ber.muda. At the end of the
flight are extra experimen~ pictures of Cuba. "Just scenic for electricity mean lesser schedule was still hampering o~it, they wat~h~d a second ~,, ,
j
that might have been added shots," said Cooper. They also amounts of water and heat, performance of experiments. Minuteman m1ss1le. launch
to the space flight plan. photographed cloud patterns, too. This is why the Gemini from Va~denberg Air Force
thunderstorms and, on request officials have taken a "con- 59th Orbit--6:19 a.m. Base, Cahf. They were unab~e
New Space Record . of tsU.St.hWeat?edrtBurheautoscienh- servative" approach and or- "We would like to request ~f tracdk thed.roctiket dont tht_eir
; The new record established tis • ey tr1e . o P o grap dered the estrona)lts to use that we keep everything to a m r~ ra ia on e ec ion
by Cooper and Conrad rough- the eye of tropical ~rm Do- less power. minimum in the evenings," equipment. \
ly at noon (EDT) today, in reen rou_~hly 200 miles south Because the fuel cell water Cooper told fellow astronaut Conrad repor_ted .~e s!eP,~ \
G-emini 5's 62d orbit, bested o\Haw~:i- f ·1a a· f rt is poor in color and taste Elliot M. See Jr. "We, for six hours last mght m bits. f
that for duration of an Ameri• n spi e O nu . !scorn ° and high in acid, it is being some reason, are havin,J trou- 63d Orb" -12 •38 , .
can space-flight
•
brought on by 1tchmg, con- used to press upon a plastic bl 1 · " H
tinued cold a d sleepless e s eepmg.
id
e sa no se
I It • p.m. ,
The old 11" e cord was set . n bladder containing the astro- from the experiments posed a Cooper made the flight sur•
early in June by astronauts nights, , Cooper . a~~ Conrad naut's normal drinking water problem.
James A: McDivitt and Ed· were sind ~ ~. m ex.tremely supply._ But the fuel cell is
ward 1,Vh1te who stayed aloft go~d co~dition by K.taft and producmg more water than 60th Orbit-7:54 a.m. better since we got our suits
for 97 hours and 37 minutes, chief flight surgeon Charles desire~ an~ official~ fear :.f Gemini Control relayed oon off." The surgeon quickly
I
geon's heart flip by remarking
onchalantly, "We feel much
From the Control center Berry: the situation contmues, a gratulations to Cooper from realized Coo~r was joking.
here, McDivitt radioed the Relief for some of Conrad's back-pressure could result and his wife Trudy on passing the Oonrad was a]low~d to remove
orbiting astronauts: itching cam~ when h~ ~sked flood ~1;1t ~e fuel. c~ll. total space flight record of 119 some inflatable pressure cuffs
"Let me be the first to con- for and r~ce1ved perm1~s1on to Anticipating a suntlar prob- hours 6 minutes, counting his around his thighs. lie said
gratulate you on setting a new cut the t!ght pneumatic cuff~ le~ ?n longer flights, Geminl artier orbital flight. they "itch pretty bad" an a
American record for manned around his thighs. Tb~ expel'l- ~ffm~ls already ~re develop- Bad weather over Laredo ere not working anyway.
spacecraft." mental cuffs were designed to mg filters that will make the ex forced cancellation of a;
An even more impressive counter the effects of weight- fuel cell water dean and tast est·, on this pass of whether th Orbit-2: 13 p.m.
record will fall to the two lessness on the cardiovascular for drinking. e astronauts could spot huge Cooper reported he and
Americans at about 9 a.m. system. But the ~ower supply Finally, Gemini officials . eye charts on the ground. onrad had completed all of
Thursday. . for the_ cuffs, which automati• nounced tod~y. tha~ barring Cooper reported that he had the day's assigned experi-
At that time Cooper and cally tighten and relax con- unforseen difficulties, the seven hours of sleep. He said mcnts except one. The space•
:==;;;;:;;=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;..================;- his beard was itching, but that craft was powered down and
f
] 0 Fednudoy, Au,. 25, 1965 THE
HowItWenton Gemini's4thDay
On thew Gemini 5 spa.ce- 43d Orbit--4:50 a.m. landmarks near Dallas was The astronauts said they
flight 11eaterda11, Aatronauts The spacecraft made contact abandoned because of a cloud took about six photographs of
t . Gordon Coopff Jr. and with the Camarvan, Australia cover ov1.>r the target area, but th fl.yin rocket d ad
Charl'1s Conrad Jr. sighted a tracking station and flight ot>'. the astronauts insisted on try. e g an m e
Minuteman launching and server Chuck Lewis g th Ing the experiment later. infrared measuremenw of Its
repaired an important sight-
ing q,tem aboard their craft.
astronauts landing /ve
ment data
f "We're going to pick a good exhaust plume.
an expcr • site somewhere over the U • Conrad a~ spotted Hollo-
Following i., a chronological • and get it because we're all man Air Forte Base, .M., and
account. 111 compiled from
!'ews di,pntches,. with . times
th Orbil-6:27 a.m. ri~~i~r !!;~~nr:e'!x,S::!i a e:e w~~1J°!:r
With both astronauts wide few minutes later the men As they ended the Ol'blt, the
f::!:'.
1n Eaitcnt Da11light Tune. awake and the spacecraft pass- were able to get a picture of astronauts had their radar
_.n.L Orbit 12 •05 ing o~er the United States, a ship west of Bennuda. trained on Cape Kennedy and
....,._.. - • .m. Gemini Control at Houston re- reported they were able to
The palr drifted qUletly lnto layed instrument readings and 4 7th Orbit-11: 12 a.m. keep in touch with ~ Cape
the 40th orbit with Conrad ecrew. periment directions to the As Gem In1,.., approac hed Ca•l longer than expected.
a leep. Dr. Duana Catterson at This exchange between com• lfom!a, a Minuteman missile 48th Orbit-12:47 p.m.
Gemini Control in Houston municator David Scott an was fired from Vandenberg Ir
reported the astroriauta bad astronaut. and Conrad 'took Force Base. Calif. Cooper and Conrad zeported
place· At an altitude of' 125 miles, they were getting "•om e
consumed 13 pounds of water Se~tt-"Okay. You look real Cooper and Conrad got a fine strange readouts" from their
each, "pretty nearly an optl· good here on the ground. Do view. on-board computer. Officials
mum curve for water intake" you have any questions on the Conrad: "I see it, l see it ... said the signals were not a
• experiments?" Hey Gordo! Right through that cause of "major concern." but
I Orbit-I :38 a.m. Conrad-"No. I'd say we got bole In the clouds. There be would be watched closely.
l a full day J hope we can get goes, bigger than heck." Cooper and Conrad finally
Conrad continued sleeping them all· done. How's the Cooper: "Yeah, we saw him spotted the checkerboard eye
sound]y and only one contact we-ather back there in Hous- going •way out above us." chart laid out near Laredo,
was made wltb ground track- ton?" The Minuteman, climbing in Tex.
Ing station during the orbit. Scot&-"Oh, It's real nice. a high suborbital arc, came •
42 d Orb ,.......3 • 14 Just hot and sunny as usual. within 200 miles of Gemini 5, 9th Orbit-2 .22 p.m.
D it • a.m. No rain in particular. Just Space Agency officials said. Space off I c i a Is on the
I The quietest orbit or the once in a whUe a little thunder- Conrad reported he sighted ground noted Cooper sounded
night thus far, in terms of storm."
space. to. ground communica- onrad-"Rog.''
the Minuteman 10 seconds "Just a wee bit tired." He was
after launch when it had given a long updating on the
Uon. For a '70-minute period tt-"Say, we've noticed pierced the overcast. The Min- flight plan and waa told to
the spacecraft was out of voice that the temperature up there uteman peaked at an altitude watch for the Kilauea volcano
contact range. Conrad was still is a little cooler than we ex• of 575 miles and headed down in Hawaii on the next orbit.
asleep and Cooper bad a meal. pectcd. How's your comfort?" the Air Force western test The astronauts hoped to meas
Cooper aaid he had reassem- onnd-"Cold, We a.re tak• range over the Pacific Ocean ure the Intensity or infrared
bled a defective reticle "and It ing the inlet hoses off' our to hit a mythical targel radiation from the volcano.
worts fine," The reticle ls a suits every once in a while to
sighting device necessary for warm up. It has been quite
tbe success of a number of cold."
Gemini 5 experiments. Chief Flight Director Chrl •
topher Kraft Jr. said good
t==========:__-::- morning to the astronaut and
told them, "You are doing a
good job up there."
Conrad-"l'll tell you one
thing, Mr. Krall Gordo' beard
is white.
Kraft-''A Rip an Winkle,
eh?"
Conrad: - "Nope, Santy
Claus."
Cooper-"Boy, putting those
two coolant loops in the circuit
really cooled it down. We both
have been sitting here shiver
ing for the last few hours."
Kralt--"Tum the valve to
warm and it ill shut off the
flow completely. We will mon
itor on the ground and let you
know lf it gets too cool"
45th Orbit-8:03 a.m.
Cooper bad a meal consisting
of orange dnnk. spaghetti and
meat, butterscotch pudding,
touted brea:t cubes and cbeeee
sandwiches. He said he saw
three airplanes approaching
Jacksonville, Fla. He and Con•
rad saw smoke signals sent up
near Laredo, Tex., to help them
find a huge pattern of white
gypsum )aid out on the ground,
but the)ll could not see the pat
tern. Fellow astronaut James
McDivitt told the men they
could go at leut 82 orbits.
46th Orbit-9:35 a.m.
An attempt to photograph
I
A6 Tuwlay, .lag. 24, 1965 THE WASHI lGTON POST
Staking of Claims Disposal of Body Waste
GEMINI-From Page Al On Moon Ruled Out
A•OOCl&ted Press
Is Easy for Astronauts
Gemini MakesPrecision Maneuvers The Government has
some advice for would-be
moon homesteaders: For-
HOUSTON, Tex., (AP)-Dis- semble deodorant pads and
f
posal of body waste is no prob- ace c O s.
.
1 th
The pads are treated with a
I
looks very good for eight days prove useful to the military
and there is nothing that says for sate 11 it e inspection in
get it.
"The moon belongs to
the world, not the first ar-
lem on the space trip of astro- nontoxic disinfectant that has
nauts L. Gord0n Cooper- Jr. no odor but does clean and is
and Charles Conrad Jr. lint-free.
it shouldn't." space. rival," said a spokesman A plastic bag with a new- Cooper and Conrad will re-
In a mishap on the ground, The radar evaluation pod, for the National Aeronau- style adhesive lip is used for semble grizz_led ~ld prospectors
trouble developed in a com- which was to have played a tics aDd Space Adm.iniSt ra- collection of feces The adhe- because scientISt s have_ not
putcr memory system at Gem- significant role in a Gemini 5 tion. sive provides a se~ure attach• fou_nd a way to get rid of
ini 5 mission control late to- rendezvous attempt on Satur- "We assume th at any ex- ment to the body. whiskers.
day, but was cleared up with- d. ay, 1·s -..xp _, . ected , to plunge ploration there will be A germicide inside the bag •
in 11 minutes. mto the ~arth s . ~tmosph~re handled on an interna- prevents the formation of bac- Fa1"nt1"ng Possible
. . and a fiery d1smtegration tional cooperative basis t . d
The f3:ilure m the memory during the .evening of Aug. 26. much like that in Ant- eria an gas.
syste~ did not adversely :affect Today, Gemini officials indi- arctica." . After use, soiled items, toilet At Orbits' End
the fhght. It developed m the cated that if they knew on Over the years, how- tissues and ,a wet towel are
histo_rical. data dru_ms,d 1 whichf Saturday what they know ever, many Ameri cans placed in rolled
is sealed, the bag,andwhich tnen
stowed in A B O A RD USS L A KE
provide mstant 1sp ays o now it might have been pos- have contemplated a life empty food container spaces. CHAMPLAIN AT SE~, Aug.
flight trends. sible to have carried out their beyond eal'th. Some even The bags will be brought 23 (UPI)-The physician for
After the problem was original rendezvous plans with filed claims with a county back to earth for analysis. the Gemini 5 astronauts
solved, personnel, who had the small pod. recorder, listing the moon Urine is disposed 01 with an aboard the recovery carrier
calculated lost data manually, Since Saturday, ground tests or part of it as their own. adaptation of the relief tube . •.
programmed the trends into have shown that would have system currently used in mili- Lake ~ham~~am . s~!d , today
the drums. The drums store been possible with the amount1---,---------- tary fighter planes. there 1~ a possibility they
flight information for 12 hours, of oxygen available on Satur- Tooth-brushing is just that. may famt when they leave
then are erased. day. What the officials did not Venus H e a t The brush hangs on the space- t~eir capsule at the end o!
The failure occurred at 6:23 know at that time was when craft interior by means of the eight days. .
p.m. (EST) during the 37th the falling pressure in the material used as fasteners O-ll Dr. Howard Mmners said
orbit. oxygen would stabilize, if at H e ' J Caused golf gloves and women's. they might experience the
As for the astronauts, their all. UI, purses faintness a pe~son feels who
day was filled with experi- Nonetheless Gemini offi- There is no toothpaste on has been bedridden for some
ments, sightseein~ from space, cials obviously are delighted
and some complamt. with their ma1reshift simulated
By Snowfall board so the astronauts squirt time and first gets to his feet.
their 'mouths full of water, "The treatment is simple,"
, · ""\'. - d brush and swallow. said Minners. "Lie down." He
Coopers Complaint rendezvous carried_ out to_ ay. BLACKSBURG, Va., A.ug. Washing after each of the called the faintness "ortho-
The complaint came from It involved making believe 23 (AP)-Venus, the --red hot day's four meals is done with static hypertension'.)>
NASA Photo from ttPI Cooper. In a brief flare-up of tha~ an Ag_ena. rocket was aL planet between the earth and wash pads and towels that re- - - - - - = : - - : : - - = ; - - - - - -
Mrs. Charles Conrad Jr., accompanied by and gets a first-hand view of the progress irritability, the normally la- a given po~nt m space-act~- the sun, is almost as hot on West Va.
her father, Winn DuBose, sits in the view• of her husband's flight aboard the Gemini conic astronaut said the flight ally the pomt a real A~ena is its "black side"-the side away - - -- - - - - · - - - -
Ing booth behind Gemini Control Center 5 spacec:raft. planners were not giving the expected. to be at. d~rmg tJ:ie from the sun-as its lighted
- - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - -- -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - -~ - - - astronauts enough time to get f<;>rthcommg ~emmi 6 mis- face, and it is kept hot by
their chores done. "We can't sion. Then, usmg !adar data snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins
Chronological Account of Orbits get the equipment put to- !~~dsg!~~:~;;~~o~,mi~~~: U:?iversity theoretical physi
g_ether and torn apa:t by the instructing Cooper and Con- cbt speculated today. . .
ti~e they are putting these rad to maneuver on four dif- . Dr. John Strong, a pioneer
thmgs ,,<th~ experiments) to- ferent occasions during three m balloon telescope ast~on-
As Space Flight Enters 3d Day gether, said Cooper.
Report on Sightings
revolutions around the earth. omy. dropped this cunous
item into the scientifi<:. pot on
How Craft Was Maneuvered the first day of Virginia Tech's
Following is the chronol- for the pilot (roughly six banter turned into an im- As for the sights, ~he astron- What Gemini officials as- fifth annual space conference.
ogy of the Gemini 5 $pace quarts eaoh). I'm just getting promptu variety act with this auts rep?rted seeing their sumed was that the Agena The co:nference is devoted to
flight of Astrona1otts L. Gor- ready to eat Meal Co,arlie." exchange between the capsule home temtory of Houston, and was in an elliptical orpit whose "the exploration of Mars and
don Cooper Jr. and Chari.es and Houston: nearby Clear and Ta~lor high point and low point were Venus."
Conrad_ Jr., compiled from 30th Orbit-8:14 a.m. l\IcDivitt: "You sure do talk Lakes. They also saw Florxd a. about 210 and 141 miles re- Strong described for 250
news dispatches. The astronauts reported that a lot." th e Bahamas and Cuba. . spcctively. To effect a near scientists the instrumentation
Shortly after midnight Sun- each had slept a t~tal of about Conrad: "Say again."
1
f:
: ~u; the!e wf ~ 1 t.::Y did rendezvous wiith the imaginary and techniques of the Novem-
day Gemini 5 had completed 10 hours since the :llight began McDivitt: ''I said you sure ~~ th!erau~t• ::ti:le. M:~de Agena the as~ronauts _had to ber,_ 1964, bal_loon. 8:5Ce~t pro-
24 orbits and 38 hours of its at 10 a.m. Saturday. The do talk a lot" f 1 Y as 1 ed maneuver their craft mto an ducmg the 1dentif1cation of
121 - orbit 190. hour scheduled oxygen pressure, at more than C d "\V.h t d t ~r exfamp e_. wraft caarnp·eannand orbit with high and low points ice crystals in the atmosphere
voyage. ' 100 pounds, was up 10 pound s onra
t d : . • ,, a o you wan v1ew o an aaire
?" destroyer· r
star called Denub of 193 an d 124 m1·1es abo ve the of Venus. Wa ter vapor h ad
from the previous day and 40 me O 0 , sm., you a song· .' . . • earth. been discovered on a 1959 bal-
25th Or bi• t -12 : 15 a.m. pounds f rom th 1 • tS t M n-v·tt· "Th'nk
. e ow pom a • ' c 1 1 ;, 1. you can?" and a Mmuteman m1ss1le sent
·,, aloft from Cape Kennedy, After four maneuvers, in- oon g ·
l fli ht
Gemini Control at Houston urd aY when it appeared that Cooper: He smgs off key. which though not planned to eluding an orbital plane He speculated that a 120-
concluded that Conrad's hus- the misSiOn might have to Conrad: (in a singsong) be viewed by the orbiting as- change of roughly 1-50th of a mile-an-hour wind on the face
ky voice resulted from lack splas~ down P;ematurely after "Over the ocea?,. ove~ ~he tronauts, was the object of degree, Gt'.mini 5 virtually of Venus drags the i«:e crystals
of sleep and not from any the sixth orb~t. Con~ol gave blue, here's Gemm1 5 smgmg their attention as they passed achieved the high and low around to the back side, there,
serious throat condition. Dr. the cap_sule ~ structions for to you. (Pause) Well, I'm going roughly 1000 miles away. points desired. presumably, to become the
Duane Catterson said it had perform':°g a simulated ren~ez- back to talking." In spite of their difficulties An orbital p I a n e change "warming snowfall."
"not affected his ability to 1usn wi;h a ~:ke • believe McDivitt: "Get you a job in viewing the world around works this way: . Dr. Strong told the engi-
perform." Cooper continued thge ah 3~~et b't the 32d with the Houston Astros." them, Cooper and Conrad are The plane of every orbit cuts neers, teachers and research-
to catch up on sleep. roug or is. At 11:18 a.m. control told doggedly performing as many through the earth's center. ers from universities, space
31st Orbit-9•47 am the spacemen they could go at of the 17 medical, engineering Most of these orbits are with exploration cotnp·anies and
26th Orbit-I :48 a.m. . . • • • least until the 47th orbit or and scientific experiments as reference to the Equator. The government that man's cur-
Conrad tried several simple The mission passed the two- until about noon Tuesday. possible. angle the plane makes to the rent knowledge of Venus owes
ex eriments ~ the capsule day_ mark•.The a$tronauts Equator iS its inclination. as much to "Gulliverian spec-
p~sed over central Asia agam complamed of the work- 32d Orbit-II :21 a.m. Pod Heat Measured Through the use of propulsion, ulation" as to documented re-
Cooper woke up and Conrad load .0rde:ed by Gro~nd C<;>n- The astronauts powered up· Indeed, today an Air Force spacecraft can alter that incli- search.
began a long sleep. Ground trol m thlS conversation ~!th their equipment and executed spokesman reported that the nat~on a!ld, hence, change Later this year, he said, an-
Control said the flight "looked astir~naut James_ A. McD1v1tt, the first of four blasts from astronauts had recorded more their orbital pJane. other balloon carrying equip-
real good." m ssion communicator at Hous- their maneuvering rockets to than
ton· . an hour
. of rad1·at1·on data·• ment from his · laboratory is ·
. c·ooper: "You might have a change their orbit and bring infor~ation on the_ amount Police Reinforced ~xpected_ to bring back more
27th Orbit-3:31 a.m. little talk with the flight plan them into theoretical rendez- and kmd of heat emitted both mformation on the character-
The orbit • began along the ning people. They're filling us• vous with • the phantom Agena, by dobjects b. of nature. and man-
d After Ramleh Attack istics of Venus •
west coast of South A~eri~a just a little bit too full We whose track was being pro-
near the equator. While his can't get the equipment nut to- grammed by a ground com- 0 g
~!\~u~Jts-m space an on
• d b. t . TEL AVIV A
Reurers He told the conference the
R . automated, unmanned baloon
companion remained in a gether and torn apart in. the puter. By comparing the lat- . ne man-ma e O Jee in par- 23
, ug_. - em- is much preferable to the
deep sleep, Cooper made con- time they're putting these ter "."i~h the actual track of ;~1~!:\i~e
tact with the Canary Island things together." Gem1m 5, Control would later
!~:
'
11i::!i:r:Ja~u- :oure~ ~e iowns~p 0 : :am~ manned vehicle; _also that a
. . Y oure e wons P O 11:ID balloon gondola is never an
tracking station and con- McDivitt: "Okay. Gordo, I'll estimate the closeness of the th~ aStranauts for its heat Sig- leh,thwhere a ckrodwdt~f JeAwishb easy base from which to fix on
ducted a successful purge of take a check on that I simulated linkup. naTuhre. A. F k you ts atttac de e ra and track a planet like Venus.
the fue1 ce11 oxygen and hv th· k f h t1· h. •1·
.,- m one O t e ig t Pan- .
e 1r orce spo esman quar er yes er ay.
noted from a preliminary an- The youths attacked the
D Di k B
r. c
di t
rouwer, rec or
dro~en_ systems. He aso made ning problems, ~ordon, is 33d Orbit-12 :56 p.m. alysis that it gave off roughly Arabs after the funeral of a of Yale University o~erva
penod1c chec~ on _electx:on that the weather 1s not too Cooper and Conrad per- as much heat as had been an- Jewish youth killed on Friday tory, spoke on the orbits of
and ion flux mteracbon with ?"ood todal-'., so they are tr~- formed two more rendezvous ticipated. in a collision between his mo- Mars and Venus.
the spacecraft. mg to . stick them (exper1- ~aneuver:s. The command This is the first time that a torcycle and a taxi driven by He was aske~ by report~rs
28 I1 O b1't-5 •05 ments) m where,, they have p1lot spot~ed a ~uge cheeker- space object has been studied an Arab. Some 12 Arabs were about speculation about life
t r • a.n~. good weat~er • • • board design laid out on the in this manner by Americans injured in the attack. Police on Mars.
Coo Per ate a substan~al Cooper : Yeah, w~ll some of ground near Laredo, Tex., as from space. Such infrared or said today they had arrested "Cross it off," he answered
meal of concentrates of chick• these - • • were Just bang, a test of the astronauts' abil- heat-sen.sing devices could 22 of the youths. with a laugh.
en and gravy, bacon and eggs bang, bang right together. We ity to see from more than 100
and chocolate pudding. Con- just can't do them that close miles in space.
rad continued to sleep. together. That's rather poor;
----------------
111-1-1-■-■-■-■---.-.-~ __
..---;----
. • planniJ?-g:" " ,. ·i 34th Orbit-2 :31 p.m.
29th Orbit-6.39 a.m. McD1v1~t:.. Okay. The astronauts completed
Conrad woke up and had Conrad. We got to watch-the make-believe rendezvous
the f O11 ow ing conversation these le~s changes. \~e got attempt and learned they had
with the Canary Island track- every piece of_ gear m t~e come within two minutes of
ing station: spacecraft floatmg around . m being in the right spot at the
Surgeon: "You're pumping ~~~e. We can't keep up wi th right time. Then they turned
full scale. We have a good it. . . " ,, off much of their electrical
blood pressure . .. Giye me a McDivitt: Roger, roger. equipment, successfully per-
mark when you begin exercis- The~ ~ate~; formed a routine test of their
ing " McD1vitt: Hey, Pete. Gem- fuel cell system and settled
Co d· "Sta d by- mark,, ini 5 Houston here. Why don't down for some' sleep and
S nra • . "W n ha e a go~d you make a few comments for meals.
urgeon. ~ v the better sex."
blood pressure. Conrad: "Hello there. We 35th Orbit--4:07 p.m.
Conra~: "Roger, t?e c~m- just passed over Tampico, \Vhile Conrad slept Cooper
mand pilot (Cooper) is takmg Mexico." · '
his two-hour period nap now. M D.I .· t t· "P t p t snapped P1«:tures or se~ected
. t c vl • e e, e e. landmarks m an experiment
The pilot (Co~rad) slep _abo_ut Jane's up here. Why don't designed to help future astro-
4 hours ~5 mmutes o_f his ..sJX- you say something?" (Jane ls nauts navigate successfully
hour period, very soundly. Conrad's wife.) home from the moon. A med-
Surgeon: "How's your water Conrad: "Hello there. How's ical check indicated b Oth
intake?" all the boys (his four sons) spacemen were in excellent
Conrad: "Twelve and a half doing?'' condiotion. Cooper was told
pounds of water for the com- McDivitt: "She says fine." weather conditions around the
mand pilot, 11 pounds 3 ounces Still later in the orbit, the world were good.
36th Orbit-5 :43 p.m.
Conrad reported that the
temperature gauge in the
capsule cabin had failed, but
he said a hand-held gauge
was wo1·king. Ground Control
said the temperature reading
made from telemetry data
was 74 degrees. During the
• orbit, the astronauts photo
graphed a tropical storm.
37th Orbit-7 :19 p.m.
The Ground Control center
repo1-ted that the radar set
aboard the spacecraft was be
coming too cold. To warm it
up, officials ordered the as
tron3uts to turn the radar on.
The temperature rose from
16 degrees to 26 degrees,
which is normal. All other
~ystems aboard the capsule
were also operating normally.
AdnrllHmltll
g_lj.1/
~ ~,r'
~
- 7
ff-7
~
2.. "'- 3 t,- ~
;,h
1'11
--/0
t
' h,
- --
))
© ~l ~
~~~~ ( f ~
~ t HA-111\.. \I'-;
0-7ol.t, 1
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~~ I
~
~~ ~ ~2sso- So'c
...
~
~ ~ w~-~ •
~1'1f) ~ ~ )Vv
&_; '1\-FC rZ. t ~ f ' / - i~-
1
/L1, ~'~
o/G(J , ft- sl -'-Is-
ues. to which Chas . Matheus would like answers
1. Pictures wi 1 be taken befo1·e opening the hatch : (Before de-pressurization)
What will happen to the film when the hatch is opene ? ~d' I /
ff.r.d-)f 3 7 , /?
2. During pressurization :
GT- ,s- T.s,vi. ~
~ ~ fl{~~ ~
rf- ow long can you use the film? 30 nins? or what? ~~t/e_ \}.J
3. Pressurization in cati~ :
After exposure to outside (outer space) and a very low ternp.(10 deg.F.),
how long will it take for the film to recover?
4. Will cold temp. cause problems with rolling the film? lill it break?
If one waited a period of time ~side capsule, how long would this be?
~~1lJ~ ---
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NASA ROUTI SLIP
ACTION
CODE NAME (if 111msary)
APPROVAL
CONCURRENCE
FILE
INFORMATION
INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE
NOTE AND FORWARD
NOTE AND RETURN
PH REQUEST
ltfCOIAA\ENDATION
SEE ME
SIGNATURE
REPLY FOR SIGNATURE Of,
6.
7.
REMARKS:
FROM: CODE , NAME ,
h??s,,O
v. Jan. 1963)
NASA Porro 26 (Rev. U. S. GOV£ttNMENT PRl l"I Tl
l"ITlNG OFll' ICIE
ICIE: US3 or-t7184S
• O~TIONAL. "°"M NO. 10
MAY 1112 EDITION - 5010-107
"- G-SA GEN. ftEG . NO. 27
4NITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
TO SM/Manned Space Science DAT~ 2 JUL 1965
M- C MGS 1352 . 2
FROM MG/Deputy Director , Gemini Program
SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT- 4) Photography
~
The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to
Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi
of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX
satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the
same subject.
I do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S- 5
70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office
will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary
to expedite this matter .
cc : Dr . J . Gill
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
•
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A D SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WAS HINGTO N , 0 .C. 20546
IN REPLY REFER TO:
SM ( JRG : com )
Dr . F . Sa ie dy
U . S . We t her Burea u
J tion al ~ea t her Sa t el l i t e Center
S uitland , Ma ryl a n d
Dear Dr . Sa ie dy :
He are pleased to infor m you t1at t 11e Office of ";p dc e
Sc ie n c e and A p licati ons has r ccom en ded to th e 0.flic c
of Ma nne d Spa ce F li g ht th t t he fo llowine; cxper.irnent
be f lo wn on thee rly Gemi ni se ri es of man n ed ~p~c
flights :
Title : Spec tro ph oto 1.; r aphy of Clou ds ,,,,
Pr inci pa l In v e s tigator : Dr . r. ~aiedy
Spons orin g Institution : lJ . S • .-le ;_i t her Bur e du
:~ tio nal \/~ather Sa t ellite Ce nter
P resent p l ans c a l l fo r ten manned Gemi ni mi ~si ons , cp eccl
three months apart , beg innin g in t he last quar t er of C~lcn<l,r
Yea r 1 964 , Ov erall re spo nsibility f or manned sµ, c c s c.i.cncc
investi ga tions i s assigned to Mr . 1,/ i l l i s i3 . fo::it e r ,
Director , Ma nne Spa c e Sc ience Di v ision , f /\ SA lleud , uc1rtur" .
Th e M nne d ;.,pacecraft C~n t er , i!o u sto , !1a:::; lH?en as::,i.;ned
i mp le menta t i on respo1 s i b ility .for t he Gemini s ci e nti f ic
y lo ad u nde r the d irectio n of Dr . ,Jo c e l yn Gi l l , Cliie r ,
In - Fli g h t S ciences , am mbe r o f Mr . Foster ' s :,t.:i ff . '.-J i.11
yo u p le ase inform Dr . Gill by letter o f any co - inv eG t ii.:,, tor { ~ )
of ficially sociated witli your e x perim ent . T c h nic ..i l
coo rd i n at i o n f o r y o u r e x e r i ru c n t w i 1 1 iJ e ll n d l c d by
i· r . Roy Stokes , 'Ian e d ~ c c1~"1f t r ,~nt ~ lo uston , Te;.:a::; ,
tele pho n e number , d U 3 - 7 6 3 3 •
In accord a nce with th e N~ tio a l Aro~ ti cs a d ~P J u
i\.Jm i.11.i. :; tr a t i o,1 1 ~ t,olj ' Y lor the rel ~<.1..;.., of cl.1 L ...i , t::-: 1c 1'i.1n ntcr:;
are ,.,runteJ a pe ri od of tinie f'o r ex ~ Lu.;.i.vl! u:;e of Lil· d,..1 L,1.
For em.i.ni. , you ..:ire ~ rant ..:d , c i oJ of si.x month::; reo 111
t he rec!c!i p t o f t he ,J.., ta . l [ thi ~; ~me IJCr.i.ocl .i. ., rot
s.:1. ti :;;fa ct ory , p l e.:isC? 2.et ..i.n touc,1 1-1ith Dr . 'i l l t,J li. ~:c u ..;:;
a e r'j , ,l .. ·, · cl , \t , iu l cl oe mu tu allJ t: ru'-'u;>le to th,~ 1 l ,' ,;r1 ,t!i•l
/ Our self .
•
Experimenters a re encouraged to p u b.:'..isl1 experimental
-2-
results promptly in order to inform the scientific
community dS ear ly as possible . II :, il:? f analysi~ of
experimental re s ult s 1ith illu s tr ations I here appropr i ate
is requir ed to be f urnishe d to the 8 Xper i mcn t co o rdinator
within t1-10 reeks followin~ t he mission for the >u:::;tldu ch
memorandum prepa r ed by Ma nne d Spa c e_raft Canter .
E xperi me nters a re also encouraged t:, coordinate c1 n t1
exchange data amonu t hemsel v s in order' t o enhance to
ti1e f ulle s t extent , the sc ienti f ic .;e nefitc o f e d ch
mission . It i s i mp ort a nt to th e co nd uct of yo ur ex -
eriment that all em ini s ch ed u led dli n s be m t
and th t y ou kee p your HSC e x pe ri men t coordinator i n
formed on progress of your experiment at all ti mes .
We hope that t he plannin g o f your e x~e ri me nt an d the
constru ction and integration of your flight hard wa r e will
be brought to sati sfa ctory completi on in or der that your
experiment , a lon g with those o f t he other expe riment e r .
on the attached list , may serv e to make the Gemini scien if ic
payload a successful addition t o th e United S t a t es ~p ace
P ro gram .
S incere ly yours ,
!lamer E: . ::e;e ll
Associ · t e lldrni ni s trat o r
f or Spa ce Sc i e nce & llppl ic nt ion ~
Enc losure :
List of
Appr ov ed Cxperimenters
c,-T10NAL. f"'OflM NO. 10 - .SOlG-107
_. MAY 1942 EDITION
Gs.\ C:EN , R G , NO. .2.1
NITED STATES GOVERNME
emorandum
TO SM/Manned Space Science DATE:
M- C MGS 1352. 2
FROM MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program
SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography
The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Fos ter to
Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr . Liccardi
of my office and Dr. Gill of your office . I believe that this TWX
satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the
same subject .
I do not anticipate ny problems in your office receiving the S - 5
70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office
will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary
to expedite this matter.
William C. Schneider
cc : Dr . J . Gill
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
NAME OF AG8'1CY PRECEDENCE I
I ACTION ,
INFO., PRIORITY UNCLASSIFIED
NASA BEADQUAfm!RB
THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT
TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE
OFFICIAL aus ,NESS
U.S . GOVERNMENT
MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spocing ond oll copitol letters) TH IS COL. FO R AGEN CY USE
MR. ROBERT O, PILAND
EXPERIMENI'S PROGRAM OFFICE
MANNED BPACECRAFr CENI'ER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
I?iFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CEN•fi!B,
GREENBELT, MARYLAND
MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET22, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
Sn
IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE TBE APPROPRIATE AUI'HORITIES AT
me TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FIIM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH
COVERS TBE Sou.rBWESTERN O,S.) TO MB., LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3
w
5 2
"'x
I-
DAYS. MR. CHILOO WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO 0
z
• MICROSENSITOMETER. 0
>-
FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR THE PURPOSE OF THESE ..,
w
w
C)
<
MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE _S -5 70 mm "'w"'
l'
PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE REFER 'ro A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BE'lWEEN ...~
w
...0
EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. z
0
0
WHIU: MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA
CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT P.Rml'S .AND ONE (l.)
DUPLICATE NIDATIVE OF SEIECTED FRAMF.S UBING VERY FID-GRAINED
MATERIALS WHICH GIVE .AIMOST 1 ~ TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FIIM
WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON
AREA.
PAGE NO.
lllAME Of AGENCY PRECEDEN CE
ACTION :
INFO.:
a - , -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l TYPE Of MESSAGE Cl AS SI FICA TION
ACCOUNTING CLASSlflCA TION SINGLE 0 D BOOK
STANDARD FORM I• REV. MARCH 15, 1957
□ MUlTI-AOORESS GSA REGULATION 2- IX-30 1.00
t::-:::-:~=-===:-:-::-:-::------=------------...l......!:::::......:.::.:...:.:.:.:.:.= - - - - -- 1 14-304
THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICAT IONS UNIT
TELEGRAPHIC M ESSAGE
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
U. S. GOVERNMENT
MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spoc ing ond oil capitol leffen) AGENCY USE
PAGE 'lWO
DB. PAUL UMWi PRI?fCIPAL DM'Sl'IGATOR ON TBE B-5 EXPERIMDT HAS
Coz«ruRRED :m THESE .ABRA.BGIMEN'l'. IT IS 'URDJ!:RS'l'OOD TBAT
MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD 'l'1IE FILM IN 'l'RAHSIT AND Mr DATA
CORPOBATIO • AT DATA CO.RPOBATION THE CONTACTS .Am:
MB. WILUAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AID MR. ROBERT BOOBE.
WE WILL GREA1'LY APPRmIATE YOOR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAIBI.BG THIS
~ SCIDTIFIC DATA WBICR CAB BB AC UIRID FROM THE S-5
70 mm FIIM.
WILLIS B. P'OS'l'ER
DIRICTOR
MARNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS
cc: Ml/Schneider
MJS/Liccardi
BM/Colvocores ee
PAGE NO . NO. O f P4GES
2 2
NAME AND TITLE Of ORIG INATOR (Typ<t) ORIGIN4TOR'S TEl . NO. D4TE AND TIME PREP4 RED
Jocel:.)'n R. Gill 7/16/65 2:00 •• •
UNCLASSIFIED
v" (Si9nolv,.)
• u.s GOVERHMEHl PRI NTING OfflC[ uu o-1u-u~
M (JRG.kb. )
JUL 1 .i 1965
...
..,
2
equi nt for an of
l3ogge 13 C nxt
E,xperl.lncant r
l
.hip on h Ast OllOlXIY Subc
ve a good s r.
1ncerely yow:-a ,
-Gfll
Jo ~ R. Gill
Chief, Inf'll t c~ence
Mann d 6 ~ Sci n Progr
cc: Dr. Al Bo ess, m/08.FC
Willis B. Foster, SM
Subj ect File
Reading File
SM: JRGill : kby 20593 7/l2/65
,
DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
BVA STON, lLLINOIS 60201
24 June 1965
Dr . Jocelyn Gill
Chief , Inflight Sciences Branch
Code SM
Manned Space Science Programs
NASA Headquarters
Washington , D. C. 20546
Dear Jocelyn :
In connection with the astronaut debriefing conference , I 'm sorry if
my lack of attendance has caused you any embarrassment . I simply
couldn ' t make it on such short notice . I was at the University of
Wisconsin when the news reached me on Wednesday morning. Having just
driven for three hours to get there I was reluctant to turn around
and leave lmmediately as would have been required for me to catch a
late afternoon plane to Houston .
I hope that it might be possible for me to attend the next debriefing
in which the astronauts may be discussing either open hatch activities ,
spacecraft stabilization, or operation of the General Purpose Camera .
As you are probably alreaey aware , I have just received an invitation
from Dr . Newell to become a member of the Astronomy Advisory Subcommittee .
I am delighted both for the honor of having been so chosen and also by
the implication that astronomical observations from manned space vehicles
have at last been recognized as worthwhile scientific activities . I
thank you for your very considerable efforts in backing my original
proposals and in making it possible for this whole situation to develop
so favorably .
Sincerely,
Karl G. Henize
KGH :mjw
S (JRG:cvd)
JUL 14 1965
TO: Manned Spacecr ft Center
Chier. Photo r phic Division, Code
NASA He dquarters
Ch1ef, Infl1 ht Sciences
SUBJECT: Request for duplicate movie films and color prints of
all 70 mm, hand-held pictu~es
One copy of each of color mevie ~1lms h1ch include sunsets,
sunrises, horizon bands, limb of earth nd terrain views 1s re
quested to be forwarded to Dr. J.R. Gill, Code SM,. NASA Head
quarters. Please send these air mail sinoe this material 1s
1
n eded soon for preparation o7'an7i'itrongmical re ort on GT-~.
One of the most important films for this purpose s Ma zine 9.
Two sets or color prints of all color still pictures which were
taken with sselblad 70 mm camera (on GT-4) are also requested.
It will be adequate to send these by re ular mail. These prints
pertain mainly to the S-5 and s-6 Gemini xperimenta.
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
..
(JRO;kby)
JUL 1 19 J
)
TO .. cecraft Center
o. , Deputy r
po o Spacecr
: cb
oft of voice ta f
rsa ion o e o, t ng
ceipt o~ copies of subJe ri t,
3.
Co
G
. Dr . Gill
C
____rter
.c. ro5-46
Jocelyn • Gill_
Joce:cyit R. Gill
cc : MGS/Mr . Liccard.i
SM Reading File s SM File : Sci . debriefing GT - 4 file
CONCURRENCES: SM :JRGill : kb 20593 7 1 65 OFFICIAL FILE COPY
OFFICE CODE ►
SIGNATURE ►
)
JUN 171965
1p not
GT;;.4 ••
... ...,,..,,. yo
Jocelyn R. GiU
cc : SM File s
~kby 20593 6/7/65
( )
JUN 171965
rt w no
Bet re rds,
C
1enc
cc: SM Files
SM:JRGill:kby 20593 6/7/65
JUN 17 1965
cc i SM 1'1:l.es
:J'BG1ll: 20593 6/7/65
(
JUN 171965
c. S Fils
:JRGlll kby 6/7/ 5
NATIONAL AERONAU TICS AND SPAC E AD MINISTRATION
WASHI NGTON , D. C. 20546
IN REPLY REFER TO: SM- ( JRG: kby)
Dear
We are enclosing,. li s t s o f Gemini p h otogra phs f o r Mi ss i on s I V
through VIII which you r e questedo These include the numbers
t hat Creative Arts* c an utilize in filling orderso The
Gemtni IV material can be ordered by the magazine,I) spool,I)
and frame numbers . (Example : Gemini IVs Magazine 16 s Spool 5,
Frame 3l ) o The Gemini V, VI, VIIs and VIII material can be
ordered by the 11 HC" number ( Example : 65 - HC- 701 ) .
Note that the column " GET" signifies ground elapsed time and
c an be converted to GMTi which is Greenwich Mean Tim o
We hope this information will answer your need.so Thank you
f o r your interest in the Gemini photographs.
Sincerely yours s
Jocelyn Ro Gill
Manned Flight Experiments Office
Enclosures :
Lists of Gemini IV, V, VI >
VII~ VIII photographs
* Creative Arts
Attn: Mro Tinsley
814 H Street , NoW•
Washington,I) D.C.
~1)
l' C
~
., From ~
.
..
✓ . NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY
OF SCIENCE AND ART, INC.
r \- 1 flAGSTAfF, ARIZONA
P. 0. Box 1389
ti cs &. Space Admih .
. Gill
\-
Jocelyn
I
O rder No .
. ........ .......-·-··-····
-···-··········CLASS MAIL EXPRESS Contents:
D Insured D Prepaid
D Parcel Post O C ollect POSTMASTER: This parcel may be opened
D Book Post D Pieces for postal Inspection if necflJGry.
D Printed Matter
~
Value...........- ....... RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED
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